Henry Villard

Henry Villard
President of Northern Pacific Railway
In office
1881 – 1884
Preceded by Frederick H. Billings
Succeeded by Robert Harris
Personal details
Born Ferdinand Heinrich Gustav Hilgard
(1835-04-10)April 10, 1835
Speyer, Rhenish Bavaria
Died November 12, 1900(1900-11-12) (aged 65)
Dobbs Ferry, New York
Spouse(s)
Helen Frances Garrison
(m. 1866; his death 1900)
Relations Henry Villard (grandson)
Oswald Villard, Jr. (grandson)
Children 4, including Oswald
Parents Gustav Leonhard Hilgard
Katharina Antonia Elisabeth Von Pfeiffer
Known for Owned New York Evening Post and The Nation
Signature

Henry Villard (April 10, 1835 – November 12, 1900) was an American journalist and financier who was an early president of the Northern Pacific Railway.

Born and raised Ferdinand Heinrich Gustav Hilgard in the Rhenish Palatinate of the Kingdom of Bavaria, Villard clashed with his more conservative father over politics, and was sent to a semi-military academy in northeastern France. As a teenager, he emigrated to the United States without his parents' knowledge. He changed his name to avoid being sent back to Europe, and began making his way west, briefly studying law as he developed a career in journalism. He supported John C. Frémont of the newly established Republican Party in his presidential campaign in 1856, and later followed Abraham Lincoln's 1860 campaign.

Villard became a war correspondent, first covering the American Civil War, and later being sent by the Chicago Tribune to cover the Austro-Prussian War. He became a pacifist as a result of his experiences covering the Civil War. In the late 1860s he married women's suffrage advocate Helen Frances Garrison, and returned to the U.S., only to go back to Germany for his health in 1870.

While in Germany, Villard became involved in investments in American railroads, and returned to the U.S. in 1874 to oversee German investments in the Oregon and California Railroad. He visited Oregon that summer, and being impressed with the region's natural resources, began acquiring various transportation interests in the region. During the ensuing decade he acquired several rail and steamship companies, and pursued a rail line from Portland to the Pacific Ocean; he was successful, but the line cost more than anticipated, causing financial turmoil. Villard returned to Europe, helping German investors acquire stakes in the transportation network, and returned to New York in 1886.

Also in the 1880s, Villard acquired the New York Evening Post and The Nation, and established the predecessor of General Electric. He was the first benefactor of the University of Oregon, and contributed to other universities, churches, hospitals, and orphanages. He died of a stroke at his country home in New York in 1900.

Early life and education

Henry Villard (left) at about age 13, with mother (center), sister Emma (right) and uncle Robert (above)

He was born in Speyer, Palatinate, Kingdom of Bavaria. His parents moved to Zweibrücken in 1839, and in 1856 his father, Gustav Leonhard Hilgard (who died in 1867), became a justice of the Supreme Court of Bavaria, at Munich. He belonged to the Reformed Church. His mother, Katharina Antonia Elisabeth (Lisette) Pfeiffer, was Catholic. While he had aristocratic tendencies, he shared the republican interests of much of the Hilgard clan. His granduncle Theodore Erasmus Hilgard had emigrated to the United States during a clan move of 1833-1835 to Belleville, Illinois; the granduncle had resigned a judgeship so his children could be raised as "freemen." Villard was also a distant relative of the physician and botanist George Engelmann who resided in St. Louis, Missouri.[1]

Villard entered a Gymnasium (equivalent of a United States high school) in Zweibrücken in 1848, which he had to leave because he sympathized with the revolutions of 1848 in Germany. He had broken up a class by refusing to mention the King of Bavaria in a prayer, justifying his omission by citing his loyalty to the provisional government. Another time, after watching a session of the Frankfurt Parliament, he came home in a Hecker hat with a red feather in it. Two of his uncles were strongly in sympathy with the revolution, but his father was a conservative, and disciplined him by sending the boy to continue his education at the French semi-military academy in Phalsbourg (1849–50).[2] Originally his punishment was to be apprenticed, but his father compromised on the military school.[1] Villard showed up for classes a month early so he could be tutored in the French language beforehand by the novelist Alexandre Chatrian.[1][3] He later attended the Gymnasium of Speyer in 1850-52, and the universities of Munich and Würzburg in 1852-53. In Munich he was a member of the student fraternity Corps Franconia. In 1853, having had a disagreement with his father, he emigrated—without his parents' knowledge—to the United States.

Career

Journalism

On emigrating to America, he adopted the name Villard, the surname of a French schoolmate at Phalsbourg, to conceal his identity from anyone intent on making him return to Germany.[2][3] Making his way westward in 1854, he lived in turn at Cincinnati; Belleville, Illinois and Peoria, Illinois where he studied law for a time;[4] and Chicago where he wrote for newspapers. Along with newspaper reporting and various jobs, in 1856 he attempted unsuccessfully to establish a colony of "free soil" Germans in Kansas. In 1856-57 he was editor, and for part of the time was proprietor of the Racine Volksblatt, in which he advocated the election of presidential candidate John C. Frémont of the newly founded Republican Party.

Henry Villard in 1866

Thereafter he was associated with the New Yorker Staats-Zeitung, for whom he covered the Lincoln-Douglas debates;[2] Frank Leslie's; the New York Tribune; and with the Cincinnati Commercial Gazette. In 1859, as correspondent of the Commercial, he visited the newly discovered gold region of Colorado. On his return in 1860, he published The Pike's Peak Gold Regions. He also sent statistics to the New York Herald that were intended to influence the location of a Pacific railroad route.[4] He followed Lincoln throughout the 1860 presidential campaign, and was on the presidential train to Washington in 1861.[2] He was correspondent of the New York Herald in 1861.

During the Civil War, he was correspondent for the New York Tribune (with the Army of the Potomac, 1862–63) and was at the front as the representative of a news agency established by him in that year at Washington (1864). Out of his experiences reporting the Civil War, he became a confirmed pacifist.[2] In 1865, when Horace White became managing editor of the Chicago Tribune, Villard became its Washington correspondent.[3] In 1866, he was the correspondent of that paper in the Prusso-Austrian War. He stayed on in Europe in 1867 to report on the Paris Exposition.

At the close of the Civil War, he married Helen Frances Garrison, the daughter of the anti-slavery campaigner William Lloyd Garrison, on January 3, 1866. He returned to the United States from his correspondent duties in Europe in June 1868, and shortly afterward was elected secretary of the American Social Science Association, to which he devoted his labors until 1870, when he went to Germany for his health.[4]

Transportation

Oregon and Transcontinental stock owned by Henry Villard

In Germany, while living at Wiesbaden, he engaged in the negotiation of American railroad securities. After the Panic of 1873, when many railroad companies defaulted in the payment of interest, he joined several committees of German bond holders, doing the major part of the committee work, and in April 1874 he returned to the United States to represent his constituents, and especially to execute an arrangement with the Oregon and California Railroad Company.[4]

Villard first visited Portland, Oregon in July 1874.[5] On visiting Oregon, he was impressed with the natural wealth of the region, and conceived the plan of gaining control of its few transportation routes. His clients, who were also large creditors also of the Oregon Steamship Company, approved his scheme, and in 1875 Villard became president of both the steamship company and the Oregon and California Railroad. In 1876, he was appointed a receiver of the Kansas Pacific Railroad as the representative of European creditors. He was removed in 1878, but continued the contest he had begun with Jay Gould and finally obtained better terms for the bond holders than they had agreed to accept.[4]

The Pacific Northwest was the booming sector of American expansion. European investors in the Oregon and San Francisco Steamship Line, after building new vessels, became discouraged, and in 1879 Villard formed an American syndicate and purchased the property. He also acquired that of the Oregon Steam Navigation Company, which operated fleets of steamers and portage railroads on the Columbia River. The three companies that he controlled were amalgamated under the name of the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company.[4]

He began the construction of a railroad up Columbia River. On failing in his effort to obtain a permanent agreement with the Northern Pacific Railway, which had begun its extension into the Washington Territory, Villard used his Columbia River steamship line as his railroad's outlet to the Pacific Ocean. He then succeeded in obtaining a controlling interest in the Northern Pacific property, and organized a new corporation that was named the Oregon and Transcontinental Company. This acquisition was achieved with the aid of a syndicate, called by the press a "blind pool," composed of friends who had loaned him $20 million without knowing his intentions.[3][6] After some contention with the old managers of the Northern Pacific road, Villard was elected president of a reorganized board of directors on 15 September 1881.[4]

The Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company steamship Columbia was the first commercial application of Thomas Edison's incandescent light bulb. Columbia was sunk following a collision in 1907.

After attending Thomas Edison's 1879 Menlo Park, New Jersey New Year's Eve demonstration of his incandescent light bulb, Villard requested that Edison install one of his lighting systems onboard Oregon Railroad and Navigation's new steamship, the Columbia. Although hesitant at first, Edison eventually agreed to Villard's request. After being mostly completed at the John Roach & Sons shipyard in Chester, Pennsylvania, the Columbia was sent to New York City, where Edison and his personnel installed its lighting system. This made Columbia the first commercial application of Edison's light bulb. Columbia would later sink on 20 July 1907 following a collision with the steam schooner San Pedro off Shelter Cove, California killing 88 people.[7][8][9][10]

With the aid of the Oregon and Transcontinental Company, his railroad line to the Pacific Ocean was completed, but at the time when it was opened to traffic with festivities, in September 1883. The project had cost more than expected, and some months later these companies experienced a financial collapse. Villard's financial embarrassment caused the collapse of the stock exchange firm of Decker, Howell, & Co., and Villard's attorney, William Nelson Cromwell, used $1,000,000 to promptly settle with creditors.[3] On 4 January 1884, Villard resigned the presidency of the Northern Pacific. After spending the intervening time in Europe, he returned to New York City in 1886, and purchased for German capitalists large amounts of the securities of the transportation system that he was instrumental in creating, becoming again director of the Northern Pacific, and on 21 June 1888, again president of the Oregon and Transcontinental Company.[3][4]

More acquisitions and mergers

In 1881, he acquired the New York Evening Post and The Nation. These publications were then edited by his friend Horace White in conjunction with Edwin L. Godkin and Carl Schurz. This marked White's re-entry into journalism. He also helped manage Villard's railroad and steamship interests 1876-1891. They had met as newspaper reporters during the Civil War.[11]

Group photograph of Herman Helmholtz, his wife (seated) and academic friends Hugo Kronecker (left), Thomas Corwin Mendenhall (right), Henry Villard (center standing) - 1893

Villard had also had a hand in the large electric power business founded by Thomas Edison, merging the Edison Electric Light Company, Edison Lamp Company of Newark, New Jersey and the Edison Machine Works at Schenectady, New York to form the Edison General Electric Company. Villard was the president of this concern until 1892 when he was forced out after financier J. P. Morgan engineered a merger with the Thomson-Houston Electric Company that put that company's board in control of the new enterprise, renamed General Electric.[12]

Philanthropy

In 1883, he paid the debt of the University of Oregon, and gave the institution $50,000. As the University of Oregon's first benefactor, he had Villard Hall, the second building on campus, named after him.[13] He liberally aided the University of Washington Territory.[4] He also aided Harvard University, Columbia University, the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the American Museum of Natural History.[3]

In Speyer he was a main benefactor for the construction of the Memorial Church and a new hospital. There he is still known as Heinrich Hilgard, and a street is named after him (Hilgardstrasse). He has been honoured with the freedom of the city, and there is a bust of him on the compound of the Speyer Diakonissen Hospital.

In Zweibrücken he built an orphanage in 1891. He has also financed a school for nurses. He devoted large sums to the Industrial Art School of Rhenish Bavaria, and to the foundation of fifteen scholarships for the youth of that province.[4]

He supported Bandelier in his research on South American history and archaeology.[3]

Personal life

The epitaph of Henry Villard
The monument to Henry Villard in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery

In January 1866, he married women's suffrage advocate Helen Frances Garrison (1844–1928),[14] the only daughter of abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison.[3] Together, they were the parents of:[15]

  • Helen Elise Villard (1868–1917),[16] who married Dr. James William Bell, an English physician, in 1897,[17] and was a semi-invalid most of her life due to a childhood fall down an elevator shaft at the Westmoreland House.[18]
  • Harold Garrison Villard (1869–1952),[19] who married Mariquita Serrano (1864–1936), sister of Vincent Serrano, in 1897.[20]
  • Oswald Garrison Villard (1872–1949),[21] who married Julia Breckenridge Sanford (1876–1962)[22]
  • Henry Hilgard Villard (1883–1890), who died young.[23]

Henry Villard died of a stroke at his country home, Thorwood Park, in Dobbs Ferry, New York. He was interred in the Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York. His autobiography was published posthumously, in 1904.[24] The monument at his grave site was executed by Karl Bitter.[25]

After his death, his daughter brought a suit against the executors and trustees of his will.[26][27] She claimed that Villard was of unsound mind when he made the will and was the result of fraudulent influence exercised over him by his wife and his two sons.[23] In the will, she was only left $25,000 due to the fact the she married against her father's wishes. She contended that there was no mention of the $200,000 worth of securities she said he feather claimed to have left her.[28][29][30] His daughter lost her suit as the Judge ruled that her delay had forfeited the right to attack the will.[31][32]

Descendants

Through his son Harold, he was the grandfather of Henry Serrano Villard (1900–1996), the foreign service officer and ambassador, and Vincent Serrano Villard, and Mariquita Villard Platov.[19]

Through his son Oswald, he was the grandfather of Dorothea Marshall Villard Hammond (1907–1994),[33] a member of the American University in Cairo, Henry Hilgard Villard (1911–1983), the head of the economics department at the City College of New York and the first male president of Planned Parenthood of New York City, and Oswald Garrison Villard, Jr. (1916–2004), a professor of electrical engineering at Stanford University.[34]

Residences

In the late 1870s, Villard bought an old country estate known as "Thorwood Park" in Dobbs Ferry, New York. The home, which featured sweeping views of the Hudson River, was redecorated by Charles Follen McKim of McKim, Mead and White in the early 1880s.[35][36]

In 1884, Villard hired Joseph M. Wells of the architecture firm McKim, Mead and White to design and construct the Villard Houses, which appear as one building but in fact is six separate residences. The houses are located at 455 Madison Avenue between 50th and 51st Street in Manhattan with four of the homes opening onto the courtyard facing Madison, while the other two had entrances on 51st Street. The homes are in the Romanesque Revival style with neo-Renaissance touches[37] and features elaborate interiors by prominent artists including John La Farge, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, and Maitland Armstrong.[38]

After the Villard's bankruptcy, the Villard House was purchased by Elisabeth Mills Reid (1857–1931), wife of Whitelaw Reid, a diplomat and the editor of the New York Tribune, and the daughter of Darius Ogden Mills and the sister of Ogden Mills, bankers and financiers.[39]

References

Notes
  1. 1 2 3 Memoirs of Henry Villard. 1. Boston: Houghton and Mifflin Co. 1904.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Carl Wittke (1952). Refugees of Revolution: The German Forty-Eighters in America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 336–337.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Henry Villard Is Dead—Capitalist and promoter expires at his country home" (PDF). New York Times. November 13, 1900. Retrieved 2008-02-29.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10  Wilson, James Grant; Fiske, John, eds. (1900). "Villard, Henry". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
  5. ↑ MacColl, E. Kimbark (November 1976). The Shaping of a City: Business and Politics in Portland, Oregon 1885 to 1915. Portland, Oregon: The Georgian Press Company. OCLC 2645815.
  6. ↑ John Huibregtse (1999). "Villard, Henry". American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press.
  7. ↑ Jehl, Francis Menlo Park reminiscences : written in Edison's restored Menlo Park laboratory, Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village, Whitefish, Mass, Kessinger Publishing, 1 July 2002, page 564
  8. ↑ Dalton, Anthony A long, dangerous coastline : shipwreck tales from Alaska to California Heritage House Publishing Company, 1 Feb 2011 - 128 pages
  9. ↑ Swann, p. 242.
  10. ↑ "Lighting A Revolution: 19th Century Promotion". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  11. ↑ Joseph Logsden (1999). "White, Horace". American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press.
  12. ↑ Robert L. Bradley, Jr., Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies, John Wiley & Sons - 2011, pages 28-29
  13. ↑ University of Oregon (2004). "Villard Hall". Oregon Photo Tour. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
  14. ↑ Times, Special To The New York (6 July 1928). "MRS. HENRY VILLARD DIES AT AGE OF 83; Daughter of Garrison, Noted Abolitionist, and Widow of Northern Pacific's Builder. WAS A PIONEER SUFFRAGIST Leader in Peace Cause, Charities and Society--Advocate of Colleges for Women". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  15. ↑ "MRS. VILLARD LEFT FORTUNE TO SONS; Oswald G. Villard and H.G. Villard Share Residue of $10,000,000 Estate. $300,000 IN SPECIFIC GIFTS Relatives, Friends, Employes and Institutions Get Bequests From Widow of Railroad Man". The New York Times. July 24, 1928. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  16. ↑ "Obituary 3 -- BELL". The New York Times. 24 April 1917. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  17. ↑ "HELEN ELISE VILLARD WEDS.; Daughter of Henry Villard Married in London to J.W. Bell". The New York Times. 12 July 1897. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  18. ↑ Garrison, William Lloyd (1971). The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison. Harvard University Press. p. 17. ISBN 9780674526662. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  19. 1 2 Times, Special To The New York (21 July 1952). "HAROLD G. VILLARD, 82, LAWYER AND WRITER". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  20. ↑ "MRS. HAROLD G. VILLARD Wife of Lawyer Was Member of Noted Colombian Family". The New York Times. 19 November 1936. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  21. ↑ "OSWALD GARRISON VILLARD". The New York Times. 2 October 1949. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  22. ↑ "OSWALD G. VILLARD DIES AT AGE OF 77 | Former Owner-of The Nation and The New York Post Was a Noted Pacifist | KNOWN FOR LIBERALISM | Grandson of William Garrison Predicted Versailles Treaty Would Lead to New War". The New York Times. 2 October 1949. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  23. 1 2 "VILLARD WILL CONTEST; Daughter Says "Fraudulent Influence" Was Used. Instrument Offered for Probate Not the Last Testament, She Alleges -- Mother and Brothers Accused". The New York Times. 14 December 1903. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  24. ↑ "Memoirs of Henry Villard, Journalist and Financier, 1835-1900," (1904, Houghton Mifflin Co.)(two volumes).
  25. ↑ Karl Bitter: Architectural Sculptor 1867-1915, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1967 pp. 94-96.
  26. ↑ "WILL OF HENRY G. VILLARD.; Bequests to His Family, His Old Home, and Many Institutions". The New York Times. 30 December 1900. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  27. ↑ "VILLARD ESTATE ACCOUNTING.; Mrs. Bell Gets Order for Examination of Late Financier's Secretary". The New York Times. 6 March 1904. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  28. ↑ "TO SUE VILLARD ESTATE.; Mrs. Bell Will Try to Secure $200,000 Left by Her Father". The New York Times. 1 May 1904. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  29. ↑ "VILLARD WILL HEARING.; Executors' Demurrer to Mrs. Bell's Reply Is Argued". The New York Times. 6 November 1904. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  30. ↑ "VILLARD EXECUTORS LOSE.; Supreme Court Sustains Mrs. Bell on Disputed Paragraph of the Will". The New York Times. 14 October 1904. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  31. ↑ "VILLARD WILL STANDS.; Mrs. J.W. Bell Defeated, but Benefits, Defendants Say". The New York Times. 20 January 1905. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  32. ↑ The New York Supplement With Key-Number Annotations | Vol. 124 | (New York State Reporter, Vol. 158) | Containing the Decisions of the Supreme and Lower Courts of Record of New York State | August 15 - October 31, 1910. St. Paul: West Publishing Company. 1910. pp. 302–307. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  33. ↑ "DOROTHEA VILLARD IS MARRIED IN HOME; Daughter of Writer and Editor Is Bride of John Hammond of Navy Department". The New York Times. 12 May 1949. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  34. ↑ Martin, Douglas (8 February 2004). "Oswald Villard Jr., 87; Improved Radar's Sight". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  35. ↑ Craghead, Alexander Benjamin (October 24, 2016). Railway Palaces of Portland, Oregon: The Architectural Legacy of Henry Villard. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9781626193093. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  36. ↑ Guttenplan, D. D. (April 27, 2015). The Nation: A Biography. The Nation Co. LLC. ISBN 9781940489209. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  37. ↑ Craven, Wayne (2009). Gilded Mansions: Grand Architecture and High Society. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 243. ISBN 0393067548.
  38. ↑ Lockhart, Mary (2014) Treasures of New York: Stanford White (TV) WLIW. Broadcast accessed:2014-01-05
  39. ↑ Times, Marconi Transatlantic Wireless Telegraph To The New York (16 December 1912). "WHITELAW REID DIES IN LONDON; Editor and Diplomat Passes Away at Dorchester House After Brief Illness". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
Sources
  • Wikisource Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Villard, Henry". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  •  Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Villard, Henry". New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
  • Memoirs of Henry Villard (2 vols., Boston, 1904)
  • The Early History of Transportation in Oregon Edited by Oswald Garrison Villard (University of Oregon Press, 1944) Reviewed here

Further reading

  • Buss, Dietrich G. Henry Villard: a study of transatlantic investments and interests, 1870-1895 (Arno Press, 1978).
  • Cochran, Thomas C. (1949) "The Legend of the Robber Barons." Explorations in Economic History 1#5 (1949) online deals largely with Villard.
  • Alexandra Villard de Borchgrave; John Cullen (2001). Villard: The Life and Times of an American Titan. New York: Doubleday.
  • Kobrak, Christopher. "A Reputation for Cross-Cultural Business: Henry Villard and German Investment in the United States ." In Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies, 1720 to the Present, vol. 2, edited by William J. Hausman. German Historical Institute. Last modified September 30, 2015.
  • McKenzie, William A. (2004) [1990]. Dining Car to the Pacific: The Famously Good Food of the Northern Pacific Railway. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-9721-2.
Preceded by
Frederick H. Billings		 President of Northern Pacific Railway
1881–1884		 Succeeded by
Robert Harris
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