Hemiandrus

Hemiandrus
Hemiandrus pallitarsis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Orthoptera
Suborder: Ensifera
Family: Anostostomatidae
Genus: Hemiandrus
Ander, 1938
Species

See text.

Hemiandrus is a genus of weta in the family Anostostomatidae. In New Zealand they are known as ground weta due to their burrowing lifestyle.[1][2] Hemiandrus weta are nocturnal,[3] and reside in these burrows during the day.[4] This genus was originally said to be distributed in Australia and New Zealand, however, with recent molecular genetic methods, this is under debate. Ground weta are the smallest genus of weta, with the unusual trait of having both long and short ovipositors, depending on the species. The name of this genus is said to come from this trait as hemi- mean half and -andrus means male, as the species where the female has a short ovipositor can sometimes be mistaken for a male. This genus has a diverse diet, depending on the species.

Taxonomy

The Hemiandrus genus was originally described by Kjell Ander in 1938.[5] 10 undescribed species of this genus are said to be in Australia,[6] however molecular analyses show that the two lineages genetically represent two separate lineages, therefore their Australasian distribution is under debate.[7] Hemiandrus is however the most species rich genus of the New Zealand Anostostomatidae.[6]

Morphology

The Hemiandrus genus has the smallest sized weta, in terms of body size, with individuals ranging from 12-45 milimetres, and weighing 1-3 grams.[8] These weta have no tympanum, and instead are able to detect sound through their cuticle, which is adaptive for their underground lifestyle.[2] Some species in this genus have unusually short ovipositors for being Orthopterans, the species with this morphological trait exhibit maternal care,[4] which is uncommon as it occurs only in five families within the Orthoptera order.[9]

Diet

The diet of these weta depends on the species, where H. maculifrons is carnivorous,[10] H. maia is omnivorous, eating fruit, invertebrates, and seeds.[4] Other ground weta species however have been shown to be mainly herbivorous, eating apricots and various grass species.[11]

Distribution

Hemiandrus in New Zealand

There are approximately 40 undescribed New Zealand species of this genus,[4] with about 11 described species.[14] These species of Hemiandrus are predated by native species like the wattle birds,[15] kiwi,[16] but also by introduced species such as mice,[17] stoats,[18] and hedgehogs.[19] Of the described species in this genus, half have a restricted range, but most are common and widespread, and are not thought to be endangered (as per the New Zealand Department of Conservation).[20]

Synonymy

  • Zealandosandrus Salmon, 1950 was formerly considered to be a distinct genus.

Described species (14)

  • Hemiandrus bilobatus Ander, 1938
  • Hemiandrus brucei Taylor Smith, Trewick & Morgan-Richards, 2016
  • Hemiandrus electra Taylor Smith, Morgan-Richards & Trewick, 2013
  • Hemiandrus fiordensis (Salmon, 1950)
  • Hemiandrus focalis (Hutton, 1897)
  • Hemiandrus lanceolatus (Walker, 1869)
  • Hemiandrus luna Taylor Smith, Trewick & Morgan-Richards, 2016
  • Hemiandrus maculifrons (Walker, 1869)
  • Hemiandrus maia Taylor Smith, Morgan-Richards & Trewick, 2013
  • Hemiandrus nitaweta Jewell, 2007
  • Hemiandrus nox Taylor Smith, Trewick & Morgan-Richards, 2016
  • Hemiandrus pallitarsis (Walker, 1869)
  • Hemiandrus subantarcticus (Salmon, 1950)
  • Hemiandrus superba Jewell, 2007

Possibly also:

  • Hemiandrus anomalus Salmon, 1950
  • Hemiandrus similis Ander, 1938

References

  1. ↑ Gwynne, D. T. (2014). "A secondary copulatory structure in a female insect: a clasp for a nuptial meal?". Naturwissenschaften. 89 (3): 125–127. doi:10.1007/s00114-002-0298-y.
  2. 1 2 Strauß, J.; Lomas, K.; Field, L. H. (2017). "The complex tibial organ of the New Zealand ground weta: sensory adaptations for vibrational signal detection". Scientific Reports. 7 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-017-02132-1.
  3. ↑ Chappell, E. M.; Trewick, S. A.; Morgan-Richards, M. (2012). "Shape and sound reveal genetic cohesion not speciation in the New Zealand orthopteran, Hemiandrus pallitarsis, despite high mitochondrial DNA divergence". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 105 (1): 169–186. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01777.x.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Taylor Smith, B. L.; Morgan-Richards, M.; Trewick, S. A. (2013). "New Zealand ground wētā (Anostostomatidae: ): descriptions of two species with notes on their biology". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 40 (4): 314–329. doi:10.1080/03014223.2013.804422.
  5. ↑ Johns, P. M. (1997). "The Gondwanaland Weta: Family Anostostomatidae (Formerly in Stenopelmatidae, Henicidae or Mimnermidae): Nomenclatural Problems, World Checklist, New Genera and Species". Journal of Orthoptera Research (6): 125–138. doi:10.2307/3503546. JSTOR 3503546.
  6. 1 2 3 Taylor-Smith, B. L.; Trewick, S. A.; Morgan-Richards, M. (2016). "Three new ground wētā species and a redescription of". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 43 (4): 363–383. doi:10.1080/03014223.2016.1205109.
  7. 1 2 Pratt, R. C; Morgan-Richards, M.; Trewick, S. A (2008). "Diversification of New Zealand weta (Orthoptera: Ensifera: Anostostomatidae) and their relationships in Australasia". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1508): 3427–3437. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0112. PMC 2607373.
  8. 1 2 Chappell, E. M.; Webb, D. S.; Tonkin, J. D. (2014). "Notes on sexual size dimorphism, sex ratio and movements of adult ground weta (Walker) (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae)". New Zealand Entomologist. 37 (2): 83–92. doi:10.1080/00779962.2013.856377.
  9. ↑ Gwynne, D. T. (1995). "Phylogeny of the Ensifera (Orthoptera): A Hypothesis Supporting Multiple Origins of Acoustical Signalling, Complex Spermatophores and Maternal Care in Crickets, Katydids, and Weta". Journal of Orthoptera Research (4): 203–218. doi:10.2307/3503478. JSTOR 3503478.
  10. ↑ Cary, P. R. L. (1983). "Diet of the ground weta (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae)". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 10 (3): 295–297. doi:10.1080/03014223.1983.10423918.
  11. ↑ Basri, W. M. (1978). The biology and economic impact of the weta, Hemiandrus sp. (Orthoptera : Stenopelmatidae) in an apricot orchard, Horotane Valley. Christchurch, New Zealand: Lincoln College, University of Canterbury. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
  12. ↑ Johns, P.M. 1997: The Gondwanaland weta: family Anostostomatidae (formerly in Stenopelmatidae, Henicidae or Mimnermidae): nomenclatural problems, world checklist, new genera and species. Journal of Orthoptera research, (6): 125-138.
  13. ↑ Monteith, G.B.; Field, L.H. 2001: Australian king crickets: distribution, habitats and biology (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae). Pp. 79-94 in Field, L.H. (ed.) The biology of wetas, king crickets and their allies. CABI publishing.
  14. ↑ Nboyine, J. A.; Boyer, S.; Saville, D.; Smith, M. J.; Wratten, S. D. (2016). "Ground wētā in vines of the Awatere Valley, Marlborough: biology, density and distribution". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 43 (4): 336–350. doi:10.1080/03014223.2016.1193548.
  15. ↑ Pierre, J. P. (2000). "Foraging behaviour and diet of a reintroduced population of the South Island Saddleback (Philesturnus carunculatus carunculatus)" (PDF). Notornis. 47: 7–12.
  16. ↑ Colbourne, R.; Baird, K.; Jolly, J. (1990). "Relationship between invertebrates eaten by little spotted kiwi, , and their availability on Kapiti Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 17 (4): 533–542. doi:10.1080/03014223.1990.10422951.
  17. ↑ Wilson, D. J.; Lee, W. G. (2010). "Primary and secondary resource pulses in an alpine ecosystem: snow tussock grass ( spp.) flowering and house mouse ( ) populations in New Zealand". Wildlife Research. 37 (2): 89. doi:10.1071/WR09118.
  18. ↑ Smith, D. H. V.; Jamieson, I. G.; Peach, R. M. E. (2005). "Importance of ground weta (Hemiandrus spp.) in stoat (Mustela erminea) diet in small montane valleys and alpine grasslands". New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 29 (2): 207–214. JSTOR 24058176.
  19. ↑ Jones, C.; Moss, K.; Sanders, M. (2005). "Diet of hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) in the upper Waitaki Basin, New Zealand: Implications for conservation". New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 29 (1): 29–35. JSTOR 24056190.
  20. ↑ Johns, P. M. (2001). Distribution and conservation status of ground weta, Hemiandrus species (Orthoptera: Anastostomatidae) (PDF). Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
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