Hayashi Ōen

Hayashi Ōen (林桜園, 1797–1870) was a Japanese doctor, military strategist, scholar, Shinto priest and nationalist.

A samurai by birth, Ōen was born into the family of Hayashi Mataemon Michihide, a retainer of Kumamoto. He studied under Nagase Masaki,^[1] and was noted for his scholarly studies of the Japanese classics of Higo.^[2] A deeply religious man, Ōen placed substantial emphasis on the use of the ukehi ritual in divination, calling it, "the most wonderous of all Shinto rites".^[3]^[4]

Ōen promulgated his highly xenophobic views through his school, the Gendōkan, which he founded in 1837 at Chiba Castle. He advocated resistance to Western influence and trade, and recommended the expulsion of foreigners from Japan. In 1868. he became a teacher at the Jishūkan, and also worked as an advisor to Iwakura Tomomi. He died aged 73 at the home of his student Otaguro Tomoo.^[3]

After his death, his students, led by Tomoo, adapted his teachings to form the basis of the Shinpūren movement.^[5]^[6]

References

↑ Donald Calman (16 September 1992). The Nature and Origins of Japanese Imperialism: A Reinterpretation of the Great Crisis of 1873. Psychology Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-415-06710-2. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
↑ 福岡ユネスコ協会 (1968). Fukuoka Unesco. 福岡ユネスコ協会. p. 20. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
1 2 Mitsuo, Hori. "Encyclopedia of Shinto". Kokugakuin University. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
↑ Helen Hardacre; Adam Lewis Kern (1997). New Directions in the Study of Meiji Japan. BRILL. p. 427. ISBN 90-04-10735-5.
↑ Marius B. Jansen (28 July 1989). The Cambridge History of Japan: The nineteenth century. Cambridge University Press. p. 391. ISBN 978-0-521-22356-0. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
↑ Eiko Maruko Siniawer (2008). Ruffians, Yakuza, Nationalists: The Violent Politics of Modern Japan, 1860–1960. Cornell University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-8014-4720-4. Retrieved 18 June 2012.

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[Calman1992-1] Donald Calman (16 September 1992). The Nature and Origins of Japanese Imperialism: A Reinterpretation of the Great Crisis of 1873. Psychology Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-415-06710-2. Retrieved 18 June 2012.

[福岡ユネスコ協会1968-2] 福岡ユネスコ協会 (1968). Fukuoka Unesco. 福岡ユネスコ協会. p. 20. Retrieved 18 June 2012.

[Mitsuo-3] 1 2 Mitsuo, Hori. "Encyclopedia of Shinto". Kokugakuin University. Retrieved June 20, 2012.

[HardacreKern1997-4] Helen Hardacre; Adam Lewis Kern (1997). New Directions in the Study of Meiji Japan. BRILL. p. 427. ISBN 90-04-10735-5.

[Jansen1989-5] Marius B. Jansen (28 July 1989). The Cambridge History of Japan: The nineteenth century. Cambridge University Press. p. 391. ISBN 978-0-521-22356-0. Retrieved 18 June 2012.

[Siniawer2008-6] Eiko Maruko Siniawer (2008). Ruffians, Yakuza, Nationalists: The Violent Politics of Modern Japan, 1860–1960. Cornell University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-8014-4720-4. Retrieved 18 June 2012.