Harpactea

Harpactea
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Arthropoda
Subphylum:Chelicerata
Class:Arachnida
Order:Araneae
Infraorder:Araneomorphae
Family:Dysderidae
Genus:Harpactea
Bristowe, 1939[1]
Type species
Aranea hombergii
Scopoli, 1763
Diversity
178 species, see text

Harpactea is a genus of spiders from the family Dysderidae, with more than 150 described species. They are non-web building predators that forage on the ground and on tree trunks at night, mainly in xerothermic forests. At day, they hide in silk retreats they build under rocks or bark.[2]

Description

Like all species in the family Dysderidae, Harpactea has six eyes. The type species, H. hombergi, is very similar in both sexes and reaches a body length of about 6 mm. The female has no epigyne.[3]

Habits

As opposed to the related genus Dysdera, where at least some species specialize on hunting woodlice, most Harpactea feed on insects. At least H. rubicunda also hunts other spiders, for example Drassodes. Like most Dysderidae, all members of this genus are nocturnal.[4]

H. sadistica, first described in 2008, was found to directly insert its sperm into the body cavity of females, using specialized organs acting like a hypodermic needle. This behavior, known as traumatic insemination, is known from other arthropods, but has never been observed in spiders.[5]

Distribution

The distribution of the genus ranges from Europe and Northern Africa to Turkmenistan and Iran.[6] Almost all species appear to be endemic to small regions of the Mediterranean.[2]

However, H. hombergi is rather widespread, reaching from the United Kingdom to the Ukraine.[6] It is the only member of its genus that occurs in Britain.[3]

Species

Harpactea comprises the following species:[1]

  • Harpactea abantia (Simon, 1884)
  • Harpactea achsuensis Dunin, 1991
  • Harpactea acuta Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997
  • Harpactea aeoliensis Alicata, 1973
  • Harpactea aeruginosa Barrientos, Espuny & Ascaso, 1994
  • Harpactea agnolettii Brignoli, 1978
  • Harpactea alanyana Özkütük, Elverici, Marusik & Kunt, 2015
  • Harpactea albanica (Caporiacco, 1949)
  • Harpactea alexandrae Lazarov, 2006
  • Harpactea algarvensis Ferrández, 1990
  • Harpactea alicatai Brignoli, 1979
  • Harpactea angustata (Lucas, 1846)
  • Harpactea antoni Bosmans, 2009
  • Harpactea apollinea Brignoli, 1979
  • Harpactea arguta (Simon, 1907)
  • Harpactea armenica Dunin, 1989
  • Harpactea arnedoi Kunt, Elverici, Özkütük & Yağmur, 2011
  • Harpactea asparuhi Lazarov, 2008
  • Harpactea auresensis Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991
  • Harpactea auriga (Simon, 1911)
  • Harpactea aurigoides Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991
  • Harpactea azerbajdzhanica Dunin, 1991
  • Harpactea azowensis Charitonov, 1956
  • Harpactea babori (Nosek, 1905)
  • Harpactea ballarini Kunt, Özkütük & Elverici, 2013
  • Harpactea blasi Ribera & Ferrández, 1986
  • Harpactea buchari Dunin, 1991
  • Harpactea bulgarica Lazarov & Naumova, 2010
  • Harpactea caligata Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997
  • Harpactea camenarum Brignoli, 1977
  • Harpactea carusoi Alicata, 1974
  • Harpactea catholica (Brignoli, 1984)
  • Harpactea caucasia (Kulczyński, 1895)
  • Harpactea cecconii (Kulczyński, 1908)
  • Harpactea cesari Van Keer, 2009
  • Harpactea chreensis Bosmans & Beladjal, 1989
  • Harpactea christae Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991
  • Harpactea christodeltshevi Bayram, Kunt & Yagmur, 2009
  • Harpactea clementi Bosmans, 2009
  • Harpactea coccifera Brignoli, 1984
  • Harpactea colchidis Brignoli, 1978
  • Harpactea complicata Deltshev, 2011
  • Harpactea corinthia Brignoli, 1984
  • Harpactea corticalis (Simon, 1882)
  • Harpactea cressa Brignoli, 1984
  • Harpactea cruriformis Bosmans, 2011
  • Harpactea dashdamirovi Dunin, 1993
  • Harpactea deelemanae Dunin, 1989
  • Harpactea deltshevi Dimitrov & Lazarov, 1999
  • Harpactea digiovannii Gasparo, 2014
  • Harpactea diraoi Brignoli, 1978
  • Harpactea dobati Alicata, 1974
  • Harpactea doblikae (Thorell, 1875)
  • Harpactea dufouri (Thorell, 1873)
  • Harpactea dumonti Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991
  • Harpactea erseni Kunt, Özkütük & Kaya, 2010
  • Harpactea eskovi Dunin, 1989
  • Harpactea fageli Brignoli, 1980
  • Harpactea forcipifera (Simon, 1911)
  • Harpactea gaditana Pesarini, 1988
  • Harpactea galatica Brignoli, 1978
  • Harpactea gennargentu Wunderlich, 1995
  • Harpactea globifera (Simon, 1911)
  • Harpactea golovatchi Dunin, 1989
  • Harpactea gridellii (Caporiacco, 1951)
  • Harpactea grisea (Canestrini, 1868)
  • Harpactea hauseri Brignoli, 1976
  • Harpactea heizerensis Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991
  • Harpactea heliconia Brignoli, 1984
  • Harpactea henschi (Kulczyński, 1915)
  • Harpactea herodis Brignoli, 1978
  • Harpactea hispana (Simon, 1882)
  • Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763)
  • Harpactea hyrcanica Dunin, 1991
  • Harpactea ice Komnenov & Chatzaki, 2016
  • Harpactea incerta Brignoli, 1979
  • Harpactea incurvata Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991
  • Harpactea indistincta Dunin, 1991
  • Harpactea innupta Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997
  • Harpactea isaurica Brignoli, 1978
  • Harpactea johannitica Brignoli, 1976
  • Harpactea kalaensis Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997
  • Harpactea karabachica Dunin, 1991
  • Harpactea karaschkhan Kunt, Özkütük, Elverici, Marusik & Karakaş, 2016
  • Harpactea kareli Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991
  • Harpactea kencei Kunt, Elverici, Özkütük & Yağmur, 2011
  • Harpactea konradi Lazarov, 2009
  • Harpactea korgei Brignoli, 1979
  • Harpactea krueperi (Simon, 1884)
  • Harpactea krumi Lazarov, 2010
  • Harpactea kubrati Lazarov, 2008
  • Harpactea kulczynskii Brignoli, 1976
  • Harpactea lazarovi Deltshev, 2011
  • Harpactea lazonum Brignoli, 1978
  • Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838)
  • Harpactea loebli Brignoli, 1974
  • Harpactea logunovi Dunin, 1992
  • Harpactea longitarsa Alicata, 1974
  • Harpactea longobarda Pesarini, 2001
  • Harpactea lyciae Brignoli, 1978
  • Harpactea maelfaiti Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997
  • Harpactea magnibulbi Machado & Ferrández, 1991
  • Harpactea major (Simon, 1911)
  • Harpactea mariae Komnenov, 2014
  • Harpactea martensi Dunin, 1991
  • Harpactea mcheidzeae Dunin, 1992
  • Harpactea medeae Brignoli, 1978
  • Harpactea mehennii Bosmans & Beladjal, 1989
  • Harpactea mentor Lazarov & Naumova, 2010
  • Harpactea mertensi Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991
  • Harpactea minoccii Ferrández, 1982
  • Harpactea minuta Alicata, 1974
  • Harpactea mithridatis Brignoli, 1979
  • Harpactea mitidjae Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991
  • Harpactea modesta Dunin, 1991
  • Harpactea monicae Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991
  • Harpactea mouzaiensis Bosmans & Beladjal, 1989
  • Harpactea muscicola (Simon, 1882)
  • Harpactea nachitschevanica Dunin, 1991
  • Harpactea nausicaae Brignoli, 1976
  • Harpactea nenilini Dunin, 1989
  • Harpactea nuragica Alicata, 1966
  • Harpactea oglasana Gasparo, 1992
  • Harpactea oranensis Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991
  • Harpactea ortegai Ribera & De Mas, 2003
  • Harpactea osellai Brignoli, 1978
  • Harpactea ouarsenensis Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991
  • Harpactea ovata Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997
  • Harpactea paradoxa Dunin, 1992
  • Harpactea parthica Brignoli, 1980
  • Harpactea persephone Gasparo, 2011
  • Harpactea piligera (Thorell, 1875)
  • Harpactea pisidica Brignoli, 1978
  • Harpactea proxima Ferrández, 1990
  • Harpactea pugio Varol & Akpınar, 2016
  • Harpactea punica Alicata, 1974
  • Harpactea reniformis Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997
  • Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838)
  • Harpactea rucnerorum Polenec & Thaler, 1975
  • Harpactea ruffoi Alicata, 1974
  • Harpactea rugichelis Denis, 1955
  • Harpactea sadistica Řezáč, 2008
  • Harpactea saeva (Herman, 1879)
  • Harpactea samuili Lazarov, 2006
  • Harpactea sanctaeinsulae Brignoli, 1978
  • Harpactea sanctidomini Gasparo, 1997
  • Harpactea sardoa Alicata, 1966
  • Harpactea sbordonii Brignoli, 1978
  • Harpactea sciakyi Pesarini, 1988
  • Harpactea secunda Dunin, 1989
  • Harpactea senalbensis Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997
  • Harpactea serena (Simon, 1907)
  • Harpactea sicula Alicata, 1966
  • Harpactea sinuata Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997
  • Harpactea spasskyi Dunin, 1992
  • Harpactea spirembolus Russell-Smith, 2011
  • Harpactea srednagora Dimitrov & Lazarov, 1999
  • Harpactea stalitoides Ribera, 1993
  • Harpactea strandi (Caporiacco, 1939)
  • Harpactea strandjica Dimitrov, 1997
  • Harpactea strinatii Brignoli, 1979
  • Harpactea sturanyi (Nosek, 1905)
  • Harpactea subiasi Ferrández, 1990
  • Harpactea talyschica Dunin, 1991
  • Harpactea tenuiemboli Deltshev, 2011
  • Harpactea tergestina Gasparo, 2014
  • Harpactea terveli Lazarov, 2009
  • Harpactea thaleri Alicata, 1966
  • Harpactea undosa Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997
  • Harpactea vagabunda Dunin, 1991
  • Harpactea vignai Brignoli, 1978
  • Harpactea villehardouini Brignoli, 1979
  • Harpactea wolfgangi Komnenov & Chatzaki, 2016
  • Harpactea yakourensis Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997
  • Harpactea zaitzevi Charitonov, 1956
  • Harpactea zannonensis Alicata, 1966
  • Harpactea zjuzini Dunin, 1991
  • Harpactea zoiai Gasparo, 1999

References

  1. 1 2 "Dysderidae". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2017-03-19.
  2. 1 2 Rezác 2008
  3. 1 2 The Spiders of Britain, p. 62
  4. ↑ http://wiki.spinnen-forum.de/index.php?title=Harpactea_rubicunda
  5. ↑ Rezac 2009
  6. 1 2 Platnick 2009
  • Roberts, Michael J. (1985): The Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland. ISBN 90-04-07658-1
  • Řezáč, Milan (2008) Description of Harpactea sadistica n. sp. (Araneae: Dysderidae) — a haplogyne spider with reduced female genitalia. Zootaxa 1698: 65-68. Abstract
  • Řezáč, Milan (2009): The spider Harpactea sadistica: co-evolution of traumatic insemination and complex female genital morphology in spiders. Proc Biol Sci. — doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0104 PMID 19403531
  • Norman I. Platnick (2009). "The world spider catalog, version 9.5". American Museum of Natural History.
  • BBC News (April 30, 2009): Spider sex violent but effective

Further reading

  • Chatzaki, Maria & Arnedo, Miquel A. (2006): Taxonomic revision of the epigean representatives of the spider subfamily Harpacteinae (Araneae: Dysderidae) on the island of Crete. Zootaxa 1169: 1-32. Abstract
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