Metropolitan Green Belt

The Metropolitan Green Belt among other green belts of England

The Metropolitan Green Belt is a statutory green belt around London, England. It comprises parts of Greater London and the six adjoining counties,^{[n 1]} parts of two of the three districts of the small county of Bedfordshire and less than 0.1% of one of the thirteen local government areas of the coastal county of Sussex.^{[n 2][1]}

History

The Old Testament outlines a proposal for a green belt around the Levite towns in the Land of Israel.^[2] Moses Maimonides expounded that the greenbelt plan from the Old Testament referred to all towns in ancient Israel.^[3] In the 7th century, Muhammad established a green belt around Medina. He did this by prohibiting any further removal of trees in a 12-mile long strip around the city.^[4] For some years from 1580 Elizabeth I of England banned new building in a 3-mile wide belt around the City of London in an attempt to stop the spread of plague. However, this was not widely enforced, relatively short-lived and it was possible to buy dispensations which reduced the effect.^[5]

The concept was also inspired by those elsewhere in Europe, one being inner buffer zones and broad boulevards to separate non-ancient parts. One re-used extensive ramparts more like protective fields to serve old city walls, the Ringstraße, in inner Vienna before 1900 in which numerous parks have been laid out.

First major proposals were put forward from 1890 onwards but the first to garner widespread support was put forward by the London Society in its "Development Plan of Greater London" 1919. Alongside the CPRE they first lobbied for a belt (initially of up to two miles wide) to prevent urban sprawl, beyond which new development could occur. Not realised, the great Interwar Britain housing rise from 8 million homes in 1921 to 11.3 million in 1939 saw most of today's Greater London apart from its very edge developed too densely to be conferred any near-contiguous green belt status. The great increase in private motor transport continued into the 1950s. Despite new roads and the London Underground, London traffic congestion and pollution was forecast to become highly problematic unless development could be encouraged outside of a contiguous capital city. A solution emerged noting the localised preservation of the character of the couronne périurbaine (around-town crown) surrounding Paris and a movement to expand instead satellite towns and other towns in France. In 1947 France Jean-François Gravier successfully advocated to his government major policies to reduce "regional disparity".^[6] Labour's Attlee Ministry acted similarly in Britain, first enacting the New Towns Act 1946 and issuing Circulars and Planning Policies for local government councils to implement including accelerating the designation of the Metropolitan Green Belt.

The first policy groundwork to the Metropolitan Green Belt was in Herbert Morrison's 1934 leadership of the London County Council. It was first formally proposed by the Greater London Regional Planning Committee in 1935, "to provide a reserve supply of public open spaces and of recreational areas and to establish a green belt or girdle of open space". The ongoing policy decisions made were approved and entrenched in an advisory Greater London Plan prepared by Patrick Abercrombie in 1944 (which sought a belt of up to six miles wide). It took 14 years for the elected local authorities responsible for the area around London to define the area on scaled maps with some precision, following that is, the Green Belt Act 1938. Following London government, other feedback and House of Commons statements and debates other authorities nationwide were similarly encouraged in 1955 by Minister Duncan Sandys (/sændz/) to designate a belt of all undeveloped land. As to London it was idealised to extend to land not earmarked for building "7 to 10 miles deep all around the built-up area of Greater London".^[7]

New provisions for compensation in the Town and Country Planning Act 1947 allowed local authorities to incorporate green belt proposals in their first development plans. The codification of Green Belt policy and its extension to areas other than London came with Duncan-Sandys'-annexed Circular 42/55 urging the Clerk of the Council of all local planning authorities (impliedly who had not done so already) to establish Green Belts "wherever it is desireable....(a) to check further growth of a large built-up area; (b) to prevent neighbouring towns from merging into one another; or (c) preserve the special character of a town.^[8] This decision was made in tandem with the New Towns Act 1946, which accompanied other acts turning to commercial use or low density bomb-stricken parts of Inner London, providing new homes for residents in districts of Outer London which would accept social housing and founding the post-war new towns. Created under the New Towns Act outside of the belt were Basildon, Bracknell, Harlow, Hatfield, Hemel Hempstead, Milton Keynes and Stevenage. Much funding was outlaid in new roads, railway stations and social housing. Contrasting to these new towns such a degree of social housing was still as strongly resisted as possible in upmarket suburbs and most of the existing exurbs well-connected to London in the new Green Belt which almost unwaveringly elected majority-Conservative councils. Such private housing-dominant bastions of the Green Belt being Edgware, Amersham, Staines upon Thames, Surbiton, Sevenoaks and Epping.

In the 1938-1950s earmarking of the Green Belt intra-London infill areas continued to be earmarked for housing and those to "round off" the shape of London as official policy. A direct consequence was that when London was redrawn (namely from the 1889 County of London to Greater London) its area in 1965 was made five times greater.^[9] This selective and encouraged urbanisation coupled with the New Towns ensured authorities need not expect a shortage of housing and were centrally lobbied (and in some cases also locally lobbied) to designate Green Belt to offset congestion and pollution of their policies of growth.

As the outward growth of London was seen to be firmly repressed, residents owning properties further from the built-up area also campaigned for this policy of urban restraint, partly to safeguard their own investments but often invoking the paradigm English thinking running from Ruskin to at least Betjeman, a scenic/rustic argument which lays the blame for most social ills upon urban influences and which leads few retired people to live in London. In mid-1971, mindful of the new towns in Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire, the government decided to extend the Metropolitan Green Belt northwards to include almost all of Hertfordshire. The Metropolitan Green Belt now covers parts of 68 different Districts or Boroughs.

Extension and reduction

Extension has taken place to take in large parts of the Surrey Hills, Chiltern Hills and three of the areas known as various Wealds including Epping Forest, as such extension pre-dates certain largely duplicative protections which cover those areas, particularly Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Redesignation includes for transport or civil engineering infrastructure, housing and non-agricultural industry, retail and non-green or blue buffer leisure. In general agriculture and open-air leisure uses, including golf courses, and fresh water reservoirs (often used for sailing), can be designated green belt land.

Since 1955 London's green belt was extended, to 35 miles out in places. London's green belt is subject to minor annual variations and approximately covers an area of 516,000 hectares, approximately three times larger than London. The government has targeted London's population to increase by 2,000,000 over the period 2015–2030 in line with job creation, net immigration and economic strategy. The government has endorsed this increase and set housing and population forecasts for each Local Planning Authority (relevant local Council also known as relevant Local Authorities or relevant Local Government) with an overall skew towards London itself. Each has the option of limited green belt land release in their Local Plans, pleading the legally necessary "exceptional circumstances" envisioned by the 1955 Act.^{[10][11][12][13][14]} The London Society heightened debate about the city's green belt in 2014 in its report entitled "Green Sprawl".^{[15][16][17][18][19]} Other organisations, including the Planning Officers Society,^[20] echoed with specific calls for a UK Governmental review and proposals to balance land release for with concepts to compensate habitat loss and mitigate pollution, restitutionally (as if never converted).^[21][22][23]

The Adam Smith Institute wrote a paper under its core ethos of economic liberalism challenging the goals of nature and environmental protection groups who advocate greater urban density. The paper highlighted the Metropolitan Green Belt had land to build a million typical closer London fringe (low-to-medium) density homes within ten minutes walk (800m) of existing train stations, specifically circa 20,000 hectares (77 sq mi). It gently critiqued 10,000 hectares (39 sq mi) of golf course land.^[24][25] UK public policies, local and national, recognise and to a varying degree value the contributions of the Green Belt in pollution mitigation (see urban forest), gardening particularly for retired people, other peri-urban agriculture, in nature conservation and providing more scenic places in which more of the retired population wish to live who may have care needs more easily met than in the countryside. The Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, proposes since 2017 to scrap certain existing planning rules in London, wishing instead home builders to develop sites with higher density housing to increase greatly the number of homes.^[26] He branded existing constraints outdated and rigid.^[26] Such development can be used to meet housing targets entirely instead of to pave, tarmac, brick or cover with buildings the existing Green Belt. The limit of such urban development is city skyscrapers which in the UK are controversial. A survey in 2016, by Ipsos Mori, found that many Londoners, particularly those who live in the most affected areas, think the trend towards ever taller, bolder skyscrapers has gone too far. More than 400 buildings of more than 20 floors in 2016 were tentatively proposed by developers in London.^[27] Among respondants, six out of ten backed a limit on the height of new skyscrapers, with the same proportion backing restrictions on the number of buildings with more than 50 floors.^[27]

Designated area

Green belt land in north Havering

The table lists the areas designated as the Metropolitan Green Belt in 2014. Between 2009 and 2014 there was a reduction of 435 hectares. By 2014 the only Inner London Borough to have had Green Belt, Greenwich, had lost its few acres of green belt designation.^[28]

Every borough or equivalent district of the reduced counties of Surrey and Hertfordshire has Green Belt as does Bedfordshire, a county which has never contributed to present definition of London and has just 3 local government units. Four of five districts in Buckinghamshire, 4 of 6 in Berkshire, 9 of 14 in Essex, 7 of 13 in Kent, 18 of the 32 London boroughs, and 1 of the 13 Sussex districts/boroughs/unitary authorities has Green Belt.

Notes and references

Notes

References

• Outskirts, by John Grindrod

External links

• London Green Belt Council - Interactive Map