Gold mining in Western Australia

Early history

Telfer

Wiluna

Leinster

Boddington

Laverton

Coolgardie

Leonora

Mount Magnet

Kalgoorlie

Southern Cross

Norseman

Meekatharra

Kambalda

Sandstone

Peak Hill

Perth

Major gold mining locations in Western Australia with Perth as a reference

Until the 1880s, the economy of WA was based on wheat, meat and wool. A major change in the colony's fortunes occurred when gold was discovered and prospectors by the tens of thousands swarmed across the land in a desperate attempt to discover new goldfields.

The first gold rush occurred in 1885 when Charles Hall discovered alluvial gold in the Kimberley region, near the future site of a town named after him. Further alluvial finds occurred across the state during the five years with finds in Marble Bar, Southern Cross and Yalgoo. From these discoveries the prospectors moved further afield.

In 1890, gold was discovered in the Norseman region at Dundas, 22 km south of present-day Norseman, followed in 1894 by a gold discovery near the future town of Norseman itself, by prospector Laurie Sinclair, who named the deposit after his horse, Hardy Norseman^[4][5]

In 1891 the rush to the Murchison goldfields began when Tom Cue discovered gold at the town which now bears his name. In the years that followed gold towns such as Abbots, Austin, Barrambie, Big Bell, Day Dawn, Garden Gully, Lennonville, Moyagee, Munarra, Nannine, Peak Hill, Pinnacles, Reedy and Rothsay, flourished only to be abandoned when the mines were worked out.

The major discovery at Coolgardie in 1892, by William Ford and Arthur Bayley set off a new gold rush. This was accelerated by the discovery the following year by Paddy Hannan, Tom Flanagan and Dan Shea of gold at Kalgoorlie. These early discoveries in the Eastern Goldfields sparked a true gold rush.

Sons of Gwalia Gold Mine c.1921

In 1896, the Sons of Gwalia mine, named after an archaic Welsh name for Wales, Gwalia, was established^[6] by Welsh miners. Herbert Hoover, the later President of the United States, served as the mine manager in its early days from May to November 1898.^[6][7]

In 1896, gold was discovered in the Wiluna region, which was then known as Lake Way, by three prospectors, George Woodley, James Wotton and Jimmy Lennon.^[8] On 29 December 1897, a 460-ounce nugget was found in Wiluna, then the largest found in the colony of Australia. The location it was found at was later to become the spot for the power house of the Wiluna Gold Mine Limited, the operators of the early mine.^[9]

By the end of the 1890s, more than a third of the colony's population was located in the Eastern Goldfields. The political influence of this population was demonstrated in proposals that the region should become a new, separate colony, with a name such as Auralia, and Coolgardie or Kalgoorlie as its capital. These campaigns accelerated when there was opposition in Perth to Australian federation. There were calls for "Auralia" to join federation as a separate state.^[10]

In many cases, the boom was short lived, with towns and mines in the Goldfields disappearing fast once the surface deposits were depleted. Only where larger companies developed underground mining did towns survive. By 1903, the gold mining industry in Western Australia reached its peak and population of the Goldfields started to decline again.^[3]

First World War

The decline of the gold mining industry in Western Australia was reinforced with the outbreak of the First World War. The effects of the war, a large number of miners enlisted in the armed forces and a drying up of overseas investment meant that, by 1920, gold production in the state had fallen to a third of what it was at the height of the boom. A large number of mines in the state had been closed.^[3]

Great Depression

Western Australian gold mining received a boost in the 1930s from the Great Depression. The gold price rose once more, the Commonwealth Government determined to pay a gold bonus and foreign investment increased. Gold mining towns like Wiluna or Kalgoorlie experienced a revival from entrepreneurs like Claude de Bernales. The discovery of the Golden Eagle nugget at Coolgardie in 1931, at the time the largest ever found in Western Australia, attracted many prospectors to return to the state.^[3]

Second World War

The boom started during the Great Depression was short-lived, with the outbreak of the Second World War, the gold mining industry declined once more, for very similar reasons as it had at the beginning of the First World War.^[3]

Post-war

Gold mining temporarily recovered after the war but by the mid-1960s, mining declined once more. By 1976, the Western Australian gold mining industry reached its low point, with production at a level of one tenth of the production in 1900. The Goldfields mining industry was saved by the discovery of Nickel in the region and, by the mid-1980s, gold mining was on the up again, too. New technologies led to the reopening of many mines. Where, at the turn of the 19th century, mining was only profitable at above 15 grams of gold per tonne, mines could now operate profitably on grades of as low as one gram per tonne. Mines like the Super Pit at Kalgoorlie now incorporate many former surface and underground operations in one large open pit.^[3]

In the more remote mining locations of Western Australia, the work force however has moved away from being residential and to a fly-in fly-out roster. This led to the former mining towns not sharing the current boom with most of the work force residing in Perth, Kalgoorlie or even the capital cities on the east coast. Population and services in the Goldfields towns are far short of what they were during the golden era of the 1930s.^[11]