Gobiiformes

Gobiiformes
Freshwater gobies,
Rhinogobius duospilus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Actinopterygii
Clade:Percomorpha
Order:Gobiiformes
Families

The Gobiiformes are an order of fish that includes the gobies.[1][2] The order, which was previously considered a suborder of Perciformes, is made up of 2,211 species that are divided into seven different families. Phylogenetic relationships of the Gobiiformes have been elucidated using molecular data.[3][4] Gobiiforms are generally small fish and are mostly marine (saltwater) fishes, but roughly 10% of the population inhabit fresh waters. This order is made up of mainly benthic or sand-burrowing fish. Benthic fish live on the bottom of a body of water. Like in most benthic organisms, gobiiforms do not have a gas bladder or swim bladder which keeps them from suspending in the water column, so they must stay on the bottom.[5][6]

Families

The 5th Edition of the Fishes of the World reclassified the former superfamily Goboidei as the order Gobiiformes and also rearranged the families within the order comapared to the previous edition. The major change is that the Oxudercidae and the Gobiidae are split into two families, with the Oxudercidae containing the species formerly classified as the Gobiidae subfamilies Amblyopinae, Gobionellinae, Oxudercinae and Sicydiinae while merging the families Kraemeriidae, Microdesmidae, Ptereleotridae and Schindleriidae into the family Gobiidae, but without recognising any subfamilies within the Gobiidae.[1]

Phylogeny of Gobiiformes[7][2]

 

Trichonotoidei

Trichonotidae[7]

 
Gobioidei

 

 

Rhyacichthyidae

 
 

Odontobutidae

 
 
 

 

Milyeringidae[8]

 
 

 

Eleotridae

 
 

 

Butidae

 
 

 

Thalasseleotrididae[9]

 
 

 

Oxudercidae (Gobionellidae)

 
 

Gobiidae

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Under this classification system the Gobbiformes is divided into the following families:

Rhyacichthyidae

The loach-gobies which contains two genera and three species which inhabit marine and fresh water in Oceania and the western Pacific. These are thought to be among the more primitive species of the Gobooformes.[1]

Odonbutidae

The freshwater sleepers, the Odonbutidae contains six genera which comprise 22 species from eastern Asia. This family is the sister to all the other Gobiiformes in a clade with the Rhyacichthyidae.[1]

Milyeringidae

The Milyeringidae contains two genera of cave fish, one in Western Australia and one at the other side of the Indian Ocean in Madagascar. Each genus has three species. This family forms a second clade of the Gobiiformes.[1]

Eleotridae

The sleeper gobies are a family of twenty six genera and 126 species found in freshawater and mangrove habitats throughout the tropical and temperate parts of the world as far north as the eastern United States and as far south as Stewart Island, New Zealand, except for the eastern Atlantic. Fossils of gobies in the Eleotridae are known from the Late Oligocene. The families Milyeringidae and Butidae were formerly classified as subfamilies of the Eleotridae but are not found to be close to the Eleotridae senus stricto in this system.[1]

Butidae

The Butidae are one of the two families which are given the common name "sleeper gobies", and indeed were formerly classified as subfamily of the traditional sleeper goby family Eleotridae, although some phylogenies have placed them closer to the Oxucerdidae and the Gobiidae than to the Eleotridae. They are found in the Indo-Pacific and in West Africa and the family comprises 10 genera and 46 species.[1]

Thalasseleotrididae

The family Thalasseleotrididae is considered to be a sister group to the family Gobiidae and is separated as a family by the authors of this classification based on recent molecular studies. It comprises two genera of marine gobies from the temperate waters of Australia and New Zealand, there are three species.[1]

Oxucerdidae

Oxudercidae is a family of gobies which was consists of four subfamilies which were formerly classified under the family Gobiidae. The family is sometines called the Gobionellidae but Oxudercidae has priority. The species in this family have a cosmopolitan distribution in temperate and tropical areas and are found in marine and freshwater environments, typically in inshore, euryhaline areas with silt and sand substrates. The family contains 86 genera and about 600 species. Many species in this family can be found in fresh water and a number of species are found on wet beaches being able to live for long periods out of water, for example the mudskippers.[1]

Gobiidae

The Gobiidae as recognized in this classification now includes the former members of several families which other classification have regarded as valid families. As classified in this work the family remains one of the most speciose families of marine fish, as well as being one of the most numerous groups of fishes in freshwater habitats on oceanic islands. Some species species, such as the red-tailed stream goby (Lentipes concolor), are able to use their fused pelvic fins as a suction device which enables them to ascend rock faces alongside waterfalls, allowing them to inhabit waters far from the ocean.[10] Some of the species that are found in fresh water as adults spawn in the ocean and are catadromous like the eels of the family Anguillidae. With the blennies, the Gobiidae is a dominant part of the benthic, small fish fauna in tropical reef habitats. They are most diverse in the tropical Indo-West Pacific but the family is well represented in temperate waters in both the northern and southern hemispheres. They are mostly free living, solitary or found in small schools but some form associations with invertrebrates, especially in coral reefs. These symbiotic species include 120 species, for example members of the genera Amblyeleotris and Cryptocentrus which cohabit in burrows with alpheid shrimps while others live as cleaner fish, e.g Elacatinus. They can be sequential hermaphrodites and many species exhibit parental care.[1]

Species status

The tidewater goby (Eucyclogobius newberryi) was listed as an endangered species in 1994; it is the only species of goby in the genus Eucyclogobius. E. newberryi is native to the coastal region of California, in marshes and lagoons with brackish water, predominately in waters where the salinity is less than 12 parts per thousand (ppt), but has been documented in waters with a salinity of 42 ppt. E. newberryi prefers water with mild temperatures (8 to 25 °C) and waters with a depth from 25 to 200 cm. These gobies often use thick patches of aquatic vegetation to hide in if threatened or disturbed. The average lifespan of E. newberryi is only one year. Spawning and reproduction is at its peak during spring and into late summer. However, in the southern region of its range where waters remain at a warmer temperature, E. newberryi will reproduce year round. The females lay between 300 and 500 eggs into a burrow dug out vertically by the male, which is 10 to 20 cm deep. Spawning locations are usually located out in the open away from any vegetation. The male then guards the eggs until they hatch, which is 9 to 11 days.

Habitat loss and modification are the main threats to E. newberryi. The brackish areas where saltwater and freshwater meet are where they live usually, such as along the coast of California; this area has been altered by development. Barriers such as dikes and levees have been built to protect residents from potential flooding, but the creation of these barriers has reduced habitat for E. newberryi. Other reasons for population declines are attributed to exotic fish and amphibians which have been introduced to the region. Many of these fish prey on E. newberryi, and others outcompete them for food and habitat. The altering of streams flow with diversions has affected the salinity of the water and changed the habitat at creek mouths where E. newberryi has historically lived. Restoration projects have been started to bring populations back to a more stable number by making more habitat available, as well as providing protective areas. Some levees have been removed and exotic species reduction programs are being initiated.[11]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. p. 752. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
  2. 1 2 Ricardo Betancur-R; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria Arratia; Arturo Acero; Nicolas Bailly; Masaki Miya; Guillaume Lecointre; Guillermo Ortí (2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17: 162. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3.
  3. ↑ Agorreta, A.; San Mauro, D.; Schliewen, U.; Van Tassell, J.L.; Kovačić, M.; Zardoya, R.; Rüber, L. (2013). "Molecular phylogenetics of Gobioidei and phylogenetic placement of European gobies". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 69 (3): 619–633. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.07.017. PMID 23911892.
  4. ↑ Agorreta, A.; Rüber, L. (2012). "A standardized reanalysis of molecular phylogenetic hypotheses of Gobioidei". Systematics and Biodiversity. 10 (3): 375–390. doi:10.1080/14772000.2012.699477.
  5. ↑ Patzner, R.A.; Van Tassell, J.L.; Kovačić, M.; Kapoor, B.G., eds. (2011). The Biology of Gobies. Enfield, NH: Science Publishers. p. 685. ISBN 978-1-57808-436-4.
  6. ↑ Helfman, Gene (2009). The Diversity of Fishes. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 317–18.
  7. 1 2 Christine E. Thacker, Takashi P. Satoh, Eri Katayama, Richard C. Harrington, Ron I. Eytand, Thomas J. Near: Molecular phylogeny of Percomorpha resolves Trichonotus as the sister lineage to gobioidei (Teleostei: Gobiiformes) and confirms the polyphyly of Trachinoidei. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, August 2015, doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.08.001
  8. ↑ Prosanta Chakrabarty, 2010: Status and phylogeny of Milyeringidae (Teleostei: Gobiiformes), with the description of a new blind cave-fish from Australia, Milyeringa brooksi, n. sp. Zootaxa 2557: 19-28. Preview (PDF-Datei; 23 kB) online
  9. ↑ Anthony C. Gill & Randall D. Mooi (2012): Thalasseleotrididae, new family of marine gobioid fishes from New Zealand and temperate Australia, with a revised definition of its sister taxon, the Gobiidae (Teleostei: Acanthomorpha). Zootaxa, 3266: 41–52. PDF
  10. ↑ Ziegler, Alan (2002). Hawaiian Natural History, Ecology, and Evolution. University of Hawaii Press. p. 154.
  11. ↑ "Tidewater Goby, Eucyclogobius newberryi". U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
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