Giant beaked whale

Giant beaked whale
Illustration of Arnoux's beaked whale
Illustration of Baird's beaked whale
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Order:Artiodactyla
Infraorder:Cetacea
Family:Ziphiidae
Subfamily:Berardiinae
Genus:Berardius
Duvernoy, 1851
Species
Arnoux's beaked whale range
Baird's beaked whale range

Giant beaked whales are species of beaked whales in the genus Berardius: Arnoux's beaked whale (Berardius arnuxii) in cold Southern Hemisphere waters, and Baird's beaked whale (Berardius bairdii) in the cold temperate waters of the North Pacific. A possible unnamed third species was described in 2016. They are the largest whales belonging to the family Ziphiidae. Lifespan estimates, based on earwax plug samples, indicate these whales can live up to 85 years.[1] They are sometimes referred to as "four-toothed whales" or "giant beaked whales", but are most commonly known by their genus name, Berardius. Arnoux's and Baird's beaked whales are so similar that researchers have debated whether or not they are simply two populations of the same species. However, genetic evidence and their wide geographical separation has led them to be classified as separate.

Physical description

Size of Baird's beaked whale compared to an average human
Size of Arnoux's beaked whale compared to an average human

The two established species have very similar features and would be indistinguishable at sea if they did not exist in disjoint locations.[2] Both whales reach similar sizes, have bulbous melons, and long prominent beaks. Their lower jaw is longer than the upper, and the front teeth are visible even when the mouth is fully closed.[2][3] This can result in having their front facing teeth being covered in barnacles after many years.[3] Baird's and Arnoux's also have similarly shaped small flippers with rounded tips, and small dorsal fins that sit far back on their body. Adult males and females of both species pick up numerous white linear scars all over the body as they age, and may be a rough indicator of age. These traits are similar in both sexes as there is little sexual dimorphism in either species.[2][3]

Although fairly similar, there exist some differences between both species. Baird's beaked whales are around 4.6 meters when born, and can reach lengths of 11.1 meters as adults, making them the largest members of the beaked whale family. Baird's have fairly narrow body shapes despite their large size, and have dorsal fins that are rounded at the tips. Their coloration is fairly uniform and can range from grown to grey.[3] Arnoux's beaked whales are around 4 meters as calfs, and can reach lengths up to 9.75 meters as adults. Their bodies are not as narrow as the Baird's, and resemble a spindle. Unlike the Baird's beaked whale, Arnoux's have slightly hooked dorsal fins. Arnoux's have a dark coloration that ranges from brown to orange due to a build up of algae on its body.[2]

A third and as yet unnamed species (informally known as "Karasu" (Japanese for raven)) was described in 2016, based on differences in mtDNA haplotypes between black and gray forms of Baird's beaked whale in the North Pacific.[4] For the time being, the following text treats Baird's beaked whale as monospecific.

Population and distribution

The total population is not known for two of the three species. Estimates for Baird's are of the order of 30,000 individuals. Nothing is known at all about the population size or distribution for the newly discovered third species of Berardius.[5]

Baird's and Arnoux's beaked whales have an allopatric (non-overlapping) antitropical distribution. Arnoux's beaked whales inhabit great tracts of the Southern Ocean. Large groups of animals, pods of up to 47 individuals have been observed off Kemp Land, Antarctica.[6] Beachings in New Zealand and Argentina indicate the whale may be relatively common in the areas south of those countries south to Antarctica, and sporadic sightings have been recorded in polar waters such as McMurdo Sound.[7] It has also been spotted close to South Georgia and South Africa, indicating a likely circumpolar distribution. The northernmost stranding was at 34 degrees south, indicating the whales inhabit cool and temperate, as well as polar waters.

Baird's beaked whale is found in the North Pacific Ocean, the Sea of Japan and the southern part of the Sea of Okhotsk. They appear to prefer seas over steep cliffs at the edge of the continental shelf, but are known to migrate to oceanic islands and to near shore waters where deep cliffs locate next to landmasses such as at Rishiri Island and in Tsugaru Strait, Shiretoko Peninsula, Tokyo Bay, and Toyama Bay. Specimens have been recorded as far north as the Bering Sea and as far south as the Baja California Peninsula. [8] [9] They are also found on the east side and the southern islands (Izu and Bonin Islands) of Japan on the west although it is unclear whether records at these islands are of Berardius bairdii. Southern limits of historical occurrences in east Asian were unclear, while there had been either a stranding or a catch in East China Sea at Zhoushan Islands in 1950s,[10][11] and was a disentanglement at Kamae, Ōita.[12] Whales off the east coast of North America seems to approach coasts less frequently than in the western North Pacific, but they may travel further south than in Japan. Historical distributions of southward migrations or vagrants in Asian waters are unknown as the whales wintering from Boso Peninsula and in Tokyo Bay to Sagami Bay and around Izu Oshima have been severely depleted or nearly wiped out by modern whaling (recently whalers shifted their major hunting grounds from Boso Peninsula to further north due to the very small numbers of whales still migrating to the former habitats). Within Sea of Japan/East Sea, the first scientific approaches to the species were made in Peter the Great Gulf, and the whales can widely distribute more on Japanese archipelago from west of Rebun Island to west of Oki Islands on unknown regularities, and major whaling grounds were in Toyama Bay and Oshima Peninsula.[13][11]

The historic and current status of the northern species in northwestern coastal Pacific outside the Japanese EEZ are vague, especially within North and South Korea and China. Some groups still survive in the Japanese archipelago but are under serious threat by commercial whaling activities. The species is not thought to occur in Chinese waters (or at least is not resident), and the origin of a skeletal specimen at the Zhejiang Museum of Natural History, although claimed to be national, is unreliable.[14] However, archaeological and capture records by Japanese whalers suggest that there may have been historical migrant groups of Baird's beaked whales that once regularly reached the Yellow and Bohai Seas, especially around the island of Lingshan off Jiaozhou Bay and off Dalian, at least until the mid-16th century, until being wiped out by Japanese whalers.[15] This may have included regions at least as far south as the Zhoushan archipelago.[10] See also Wildlife of China for natural histories of large cetaceans in this region. 12 individuals were caught as by-catch along the east coasts of the Korean Peninsula between 1996 and 2012.[16]

Behavior

Little is known about the behavior of Arnoux's beaked whale, but it is expected to be similar to that of Baird's. Distinctions between the two species are so slight that they are speculated to be the same, although genetic makeup and geographic distribution show otherwise. Baird's beaked whales generally move in pods of 5 to 20 individuals, with groups of 50 observed in rarer circumstances.[17] Congregating groups of Baird's Beaked whales are led by a single large male. Scarring among males indicate competition for this leadership position that must entail more breeding opportunities and gives evidence that the species' behaviors portray sexual selection. [18] Potentially one of the deepest diving cetaceans, they can dive for an hour at a time, predating on deep-water and bottom-dwelling fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans. When not diving, they drift along the surface. The deep diving whales can dive to depths of 800-1200 meters, and when feeding, they generally prefer deep waters near the continental shelf or around seamounts, where high biological activity is present in shallower waters. [19] Diel variation in behavior suggests that beaked whales spend less time at the surface during the day than they do at night, so as to avoid surface predators like sharks and killer whales. [20] Considering the extent of whaling on the Baird's species, the pod's uninfluenced structure is not well known. To date, two-thirds of the whales caught have been male, despite the fact that females are somewhat larger than males and would be thought to be the preferred targets for whalers. Despite their still being hunted by whalers and researchers near Japan, there isn't sufficient enough data to predict its IUCN status and whether or not it is endangered or vulnerable. [21]

Observations of Arnoux's beaked whales in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand in the same seasons in 2009[22] and in 2010[23] indicate that this species may possess a form of bond to locations similar to those of other species such as Right Whales. Another 4 or 5 sightings have been recorded in the Doubtful Sound between 2007 and in 2011.[24][25] Underwater recordings, made in the austral summer in the Antarctic of a large (47 animal) group of Arnoux's beaked whales showed that these whales are highly vociferous animals at this time. Animals produced clicks, click trains, and frequency modulated pulses and whistles which gives their vocalizations a characteristic warbling aural impression.[6] Animals swam in coordinated positions along the ice edge, groups of whales splitting and reassembling.[6]

Reproduction

Mating in Baird's beaked whales happens in the months of October and November and calving occurs in March and April after a 17 month gestational period. Scarring among males indicate competition for leadership position that must entail more breeding opportunities and gives evidence that the species' behaviors portray sexual selection. [18] The sex ratio seems to be skewed in favor of males from observational data; with some observations indicating as high is 3:1. [26] Males are recorded to live longer. It is possible that theses results are seasonal abundances of different sexes in the region studied. They exhibit a slight reverse sexual dimorphism with females tending to be larger than males in size. The females have no post-reproductive stage. [27] In July of 2006, in the Sea of Cortez, Mexico, there was summer stranding event of 10 males of mixed age composition that was highly suggestive of male alloparental care. [28] [8]

Feeding

Baird's beaked whale has a diet that consists primarily of deep sea fish and cephalopods found at its preferred dive depths (1000-3000 m). On rare occasions, it has been known to eat octopus, lobster, crab, rockfish, herring, starfish and sea cucumbers. The species has a mean dive time of about 1 hour, which suggests a long search and handling time. Its generalist feeding strategy may be reflective of limited prey availability at such depths or regions, as mammals become more general feeding strategists as prey diversity decreases. It may also explain the species' migrational patterns around the North Pacific. In summer months, Baird's beaked whale can be found off the Pacific coast of Japan where demersal fish are abundant. Stomach content analysises found that Baird's beaked whale feeds in benthic zones both day and night. This behavior differs from its other Odontocete relatives (namely the common dolphin and Dall's porpoise) who feed in mesopelagic regions during the day when the light can penetrate the water column.[29] This suggests that Baird's beaked whale does not rely as much on its sense of sight and has evolved to navigate and hunt competently with echolocation.[30]

Species

Berardius is currently classified as containing two species: Arnoux's beaked whale (Berardius arnuxii) in the Southern Hemisphere waters, and Baird's beaked whale (Berardius bairdii) in the North Pacific.[31] Arnoux's beaked whale was described by Georges Louis Duvernoy in 1851. The genus name honors admiral Auguste Bérard (1796-1852), who was captain of the French corvette Le Rhin (1842-1846), which brought back the type specimen to France where Duvernoy analyzed it; the species name honors Maurice Arnoux, the ship's surgeon who found the skull of the type specimen on a beach near Akaroa, New Zealand.[32] Baird's beaked whale was first described by Leonhard Hess Stejneger in 1883 from a four-toothed skull he had found on Bering Island the previous year. The species is named for Spencer Fullerton Baird, a past Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.[33]

Researchers have debated over whether the northern and southern populations represent distinct species or whether they are simply geographic variants.[34] Several morphological characters have been suggested to distinguish them, but the validity of each has been disputed;[35][36][37] currently, it seems that there are no significant skeletal or external differences between the two forms, except for the smaller size of the southern specimens known to date.[38][39] The morphological similarity gave rise to the hypothesis that the populations were sympatric as recently as the last Pleistocene Ice Age, approximately 15,000 years ago,[31][40] but subsequent genetic analyses suggest otherwise.[41] Phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial DNA control region (D-loop) revealed that Baird's and Arnoux's beaked whales were reciprocally monophyletic — lineages from each of the species grouped together to the exclusion of lineages from the other species. Diagnostic DNA substitutions were also found. These results are consistent with the current classification of Baird's and Arnoux's beaked whales as distinct species. Further, the degree of differentiation between the northern and southern forms of Berardius suggest that the species may already have been separated for several million years.[41]

Possible new species

Sightings during whale watching tours and studies of stranded individuals suggest the possibility of another form of Berardius in the Sea of Okhotsk inclusive of the coast of northern Hokkaido especially around Shiretoko Peninsula and off Abashiri,[42] or to Sea of Japan off Korean Peninsula and north pacific and Bering Sea off Alaska.[43] These whales are generally much smaller than known species (6–7 m or 20–23 ft), darker in color, and inhabit shallow waters closer to coastal areas, enough to be trapped within fixed nets for salmons.[44] Local whalers had called them "Kurotsuchi" (= Black Baird's) or "Karasu" (= Ravens). According to genetic studies, these whales are distinct from any of the known Berardius beaked whales in the Pacific.[45] "Bottlenose whales in the Sea of Okhotsk" had been reported since the time of the Soviet Union's whaling,[46] and an unknown type of beaked whale resembling Baird's beaked whales having four tusks on upper and lower jaws has also been recorded by traditional whalers in Japan.[47] It is unknown whether these records correspond with this new form.

An unknown type of large beaked whale of similar size to fully grown Berardius bairdii have been reported to live in the Sea of Okhotsk, somewhat resembling Longman's beaked whale. The "Moore's Beach monster", an initially unidentified carcass found in 1925 on Moore's Beach on Monterey Bay was identified by the California Academy of Sciences as a Baird's beaked whale.[48][49] There have been claims that records of strandings of these whales exist along the areas within and adjacent to Tatar Strait in 2010s.[50]

Conservation

Arnoux's beaked whale has rarely been exploited, and although no abundance estimates are available, the population is not believed to be endangered. Arnoux's beaked whale is covered by the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MOU).[51]

In the 20th century, Baird's beaked whales were hunted primarily by Japan and to a lesser extent by the USSR, Canada and the United States. The USSR reported killing 176 before hunting ended in 1974. Canadian and American whalers killed 60 before halting in 1966. Japan killed around 4000 individuals before the 1986 moratorium on whaling. About 300 were killed in the most prolific year, 1952. Baird's beaked whales are not protected under the International Whaling Commission's moratorium on commercial whaling, as Japan argues they are a 'small cetacean' species, despite being larger than minke whales, which are protected. Each year, 62 Baird's beaked whales are hunted commercially in Japan, with the meat sold for human consumption. A landing and processing of a Baird's beaked whale was filmed[52] by the Environmental Investigation Agency on 7 August 2009. Meat and blubber food products of the whales have been found to contain high levels of mercury and other pollutants, such as PCBs. The conservation status of Baird's beaked whales is not known globally;[53] the Mammalogical Society of Japan lists them as rare in Japanese coastal waters.

The Baird's beaked whale is listed on Appendix II [54] of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). It is listed on Appendix II [54] as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements. It is considered Data Deficient by the IUCN. There is preliminary evidence of the Baird's beaked whale being sensitive to anthropogenic aquatic noise pollution similar to other odontocete species.[55] [56]

Common names

  • B. arnuxii is known as Arnoux's beaked whale, southern four-toothed whale, southern beaked whale, New Zealand beaked whale, southern giant bottlenose whale, and southern porpoise whale.
  • B. bairdii is known as Baird's beaked whale, northern giant bottlenose whale, North Pacific bottlenose whale, giant four-toothed whale, northern four-toothed whale, and North Pacific four-toothed whale.
  • The newly discovered whale does not have a true scientific name but Japanese fisherman sometimes called it karasu.

Specimens

  • MNZ MM002654 B. arnuxii Arnoux's beaked whale, collected Riverton, near Invercargill, New Zealand, 27 January 2006

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Berardius bairdii". The Moirai - Aging Research. 2016-10-19. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  2. 1 2 3 4 http://us.whales.org/species-guide/arnouxs-beaked-whale
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Baird's beaked whale". WDC, Whale and Dolphin Conservation. Retrieved 2018-06-07.
  4. ↑ Morin, P. A.; Scott Baker, C.; Brewer, R. S.; Burdin, A. M.; Dalebout, M. L.; Dines, J. P.; Fedutin, I.; Filatova, O.; Hoyt, E.; Jung, J.-L.; Lauf, M.; Potter, C. W.; Richard, G.; Ridgway, M.; Robertson, K. M.; Wade, P. R. (2016). "Genetic structure of the beaked whale genus Berardius in the North Pacific, with genetic evidence for a new species". Marine Mammal Science. 33: 96–111. doi:10.1111/mms.12345.
  5. ↑ Morin, Phillip A. (2017). "Genetic structure of the beaked whale genusBerardiusin the North Pacific, with genetic evidence for a new species". Marine Mammal Science. 33: 96–111. doi:10.1111/mms.12345.
  6. 1 2 3 Rogers, Tracey L.; Brown, Sarah M. (1970). "Acoustic observations of Arnoux's beaked whale (Berardius arnuxii) off Kemp Land, Antarctica". Marine Mammal Science. 15: 192–198. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00789.x.
  7. ↑ http://eveningreport.nz/2016/03/10/mystery-whales-put-on-show-at-scott-base/
  8. 1 2 Urban, Jorge & Cárdenas Hinojosa, Gustavo & Gomez Gallardo Unzueta, Alejandro & González-Peral, U & Del Toro-Orozco, Wezddy & Brownell Jr, RL. (2007). Mass stranding of Baird's beaked whales at San Jose Island, Gulf of California, Mexico. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals. 6. 83-88. 10.5597/lajam00111.
  9. ↑ MacLeod, Colin D., et al. "Known and inferred distributions of beaked whale species (Cetacea: Ziphiidae)." Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 7.3 (2006): 271-286.
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  11. 1 2 Kasuya T.(jp). 2017. Small Cetaceans of Japan: Exploitation and Biology. "13.3.2 Regional distribution and population structure". CRC Press. Retrieved on September 25, 2017
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  17. ↑ "Baird's beaked whale". WDC, Whale and Dolphin Conservation. Retrieved 6/6/18. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  18. 1 2 "Berardius bairdii (Baird's beaked whale)". Animal Diversity Web.
  19. ↑ "Baird's beaked whale". WDC, Whale and Dolphin Conservation.
  20. ↑ Baird, Robin (21 July 2008). "Diel variation in beaked whale diving behavior". Marine Mammal Science. Retrieved 6/7/18. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  21. ↑ Taylor. "Berardius bairdii (Baird's Beaked Whale, Four-toothed Whale, Giant Bottle-nosed Whale, Northern Four-toothed Whale, North Pacific Bottlenose Whale, Pacific Giant Bottlenosed Whale)". www.iucnredlist.org. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 6/6/18. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  22. ↑ Matthews Z., Whales at Doubtful Sound, Fiordland Kindergarten-Blog of Fiordland Nature Discovery, 28 April 2009, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 May 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014. ., Retrieved 4 May 2014
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  27. ↑ "Baird's Beaked Whale (Berardius bairdii)". Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved 6/6/18. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  28. ↑ Riedman, Marianne L. (1982). "The Evolution of Alloparental Care and Adoption in Mammals and Birds". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 57 (4): 405–435. doi:10.1086/412936. ISSN 0033-5770.
  29. ↑ OHIZUMI, H. , ISODA, T. , KISHIRO, T. and KATO, H. (2003), Feeding habits of Baird's beaked whale Berardius bairdii, in the western North Pacific and Sea of Okhotsk off Japan. Fisheries Science, 69: 11-20. doi:10.1046/j.1444-2906.2003.00582.x
  30. ↑ SHINGO MINAMIKAWA, TOSHIHIDE IWASAKI and TOSHIYA KISHIRO, Diving behaviour of a Baird’s beaked whale, Berardius bairdii, in the slope water region of the western North Pacific: first dive records using a data logger, Fisheries Oceanography, 16, 6, (573-577), (2007)
  31. 1 2 Balcomb (1989). "Baird's beaked whale, Berardius bairdii Stejneger, 1883: Arnoux's beaked whale, Berardius arnuxii Duvernoy, 1851". Handbook of Marine Mammals. 4. London: Academic Press. pp. 261–288.
  32. ↑ Beolens, Bo, Michael Watkins, and Michael Grayson. 2009. The eponym dictionary of mammals. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 38, 54.
  33. ↑ Sharks and Whales (Carwardine et al. 2002), p. 356.
  34. ↑ McCann (1975). "A study of the genus Berardius". Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute. Tokyo, Japan: Whales Research Institute. 27: 111–137. ISSN 0083-9086.
  35. ↑ Kasuya (1973). "Systematic consideration of recent toothed whales based on the morphology of the tympano-periotic bone". Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute. Tokyo, Japan: Whales Research Institute. 21: 1–103.
  36. ↑ McLachlan (1966). "A record of Berardius arnouxi from the South-East Coast of South Africa". Annals of the Cape Provincial Museum (Natural History). 5: 91–100.
  37. ↑ Slipp (1953). "The beaked whale Berardius on the Washington Coast". Journal of Mammalogy. 34: 105–113. doi:10.2307/1375949. JSTOR 1375949.
  38. ↑ Rice (1998). Marine Mammals of the World: Systematics and Distribution. Special Publication Number 4. The Society for Marine Mammalogy.
  39. ↑ Ross (1984). "The smaller cetaceans of the south east coast of southern Africa". Annals of the Cape Provincial Museum (Natural History). 15: 173–410.
  40. ↑ Davies (1963). "The antitropical factor in cetacean speciation". Evolution. 17: 107–116. doi:10.2307/2406339. JSTOR 2406339.
  41. 1 2 Dalebout (2002). Species identity, genetic diversity and molecular systematic relationships among the Ziphiidae (beaked whales). PhD thesis, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (Thesis).
  42. ↑
  43. ↑ Irish Whale and Dolphin Group, 2016, New species of beaked whale_or is it ?
  44. ↑ Uni Y., Photos from Abashiri Nature Cruise
  45. ↑ Kennedy, Merrit (July 27, 2016). "Mysterious and Known as the 'Raven': Scientists Identify New Whale Species". NPR. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
  46. ↑ Uni Y.,2006 Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises off Shiretoko. Bulletin of the Shiretoko Museum 27: pp.37-46. Retrieved on 26 January 2014
  47. ↑ T. Kasuya, 2011. イルカ―小型鯨類の保全生物学. University of Tokyo Press. Retrieved on 26 January 2014
  48. ↑ Long, Douglas (18 November 2014). "Lies, Damned Lies, and Cryptozoology". Deep Sea News.
  49. ↑ McLellan Davidson, M.E. (November 1929). "Baird's Beaked Whale at Santa Cruz, California". General Notes. Journal of Mammalogy. American Society of Mammalogist. 4 (10): 356–358. doi:10.2307/1374126.
  50. ↑ Smolin S. (2010). "Зубатый кит выброшен на брекватер Невельского порта". Сахалин и Курилы. Retrieved 2014-06-02.
  51. ↑ "CMS Pacific Cetaceans MOU for Cetaceans and their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region".
  52. ↑ "Video: Aftermath of a Japanese whale hunt". Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  53. ↑ Taylor, B.L.; Baird, R.; Barlow, J.; Dawson, S.M.; Ford, J.; Mead, J.G.; Notarbartolo di Sciara, G.; Wade, P. & Pitman, R.L. (2008). "Berardius bairdii". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2008: e.T2763A9478643. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T2763A9478643.en. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
  54. 1 2 "Appendix II Archived 11 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine." of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). As amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005 and 2008. Effective: 5 March 2009.
  55. ↑ Stimpert, A. K.; DeRuiter, S. L.; Southall, B. L.; Moretti, D. J.; Falcone, E. A.; Goldbogen, J. A.; Friedlaender, A.; Schorr, G. S.; Calambokidis, J. (2014-11-13). "Acoustic and foraging behavior of a Baird's beaked whale, Berardius bairdii, exposed to simulated sonar". Scientific Reports. 4 (1). doi:10.1038/srep07031. ISSN 2045-2322.
  56. ↑ Quick, Nicola; Scott-Hayward, Lindesay; Sadykova, Dina; Nowacek, Doug; Read, Andrew (2017-05). "Effects of a scientific echo sounder on the behavior of short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus)". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 74 (5): 716–726. doi:10.1139/cjfas-2016-0293. ISSN 0706-652X. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  • Giant Beaked Whales in the Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals pages 519-522 Teikyo Kasuya, 1998. ISBN 0-12-551340-2
  • National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World Reeves et al., 2002. ISBN 0-375-41141-0.
  • Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises Carwardine, 1995. ISBN 0-7513-2781-6
  • An image of a Baird's Beaked Whale at monteraybaywhalewatch.com
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