George River (Quebec)

George River
Rivière George
Country Canada
Province Quebec
Region Nord-du-Québec
Source Lake Jannière
 - location Lac-Juilet Unorg. Territory, Caniapiscau RCM
 - elevation 488 m (1,601 ft)
 - coordinates 54°51′30″N 63°55′30″W / 54.85833°N 63.92500°W / 54.85833; -63.92500
Mouth Ungava Bay
 - location 18 km NW of Kangiqsualujjuaq, Kativik
 - elevation 0 m (0 ft)
 - coordinates 58°49′00″N 66°10′00″W / 58.81667°N 66.16667°W / 58.81667; -66.16667Coordinates: 58°49′00″N 66°10′00″W / 58.81667°N 66.16667°W / 58.81667; -66.16667
Length 565 km (351 mi) [1]
Basin 41,700 km2 (16,100 sq mi) [1]
Discharge
 - average 940 m3/s (33,200 cu ft/s) [1]
Map of the George River basin

George River (Inuktitut: Kangirsualujjuap Kuunga, lit. 'river of the great bay', Naskapi: Mushuan Shipu (River without trees), Innu: Metsheshu Shipu (Eagle River))[2]) is a river in northern Quebec, Canada, that flows from Lake Jannière mainly north to Ungava Bay.

The George is a big and wide river. It offers relatively easy and inexpensive access to Ungava Bay, compared to other major rivers of this area, making it popular for canoe camping trips.

Geography

The George River originates about 175 kilometres (109 mi) east of Schefferville in Lake Jannière, between bogs and swamps. The headwater lakes are shallow, connected by rushing rapids. After Lake Advance, the river runs through heavy whitewater until it reaches Indian House Lake (Naskapi: Mushuan Nipi (The big lake in the barrens)[3]), which stretches 60 kilometres (37 mi) if measured by Canadian topo maps, or 100 kilometres (62 mi) if measured by its flatwater character.

After Indian House Lake, the George really starts to flow. It offers an abundance of rapids with various levels of difficulty until it reaches Kangiqsualujjuaq close to Ungava Bay. Because of its easy access, many people without the necessary experience and skills have travelled this river and unfortunately some lost their lives. The river is big and powerful – the French word "Fleuve", also used to describe the Saint Lawrence River, describes its character better than the word "Rivière". The power of the George leaves no room for error. Climatic conditions are ideal for hypothermia. Canoeists have to contend also with serious tidal effects in the last 40 kilometres (25 mi).

History

The George River was (re)named on 12 August 1811, by two Moravian missionaries Benjamin Gottlieb Kohlmeister and George Kmoch.[4] These two missionaries came first to Okak in Labrador,[4] then to Ungava Bay with a vision to evangelize the Inuit. They wrote in their diary: "We then proclaimed the name of the Kangertlualuksoak henceforth to be 'George River' ".[2][4] The Moravian brothers wanted to honour George III, king of Great Britain and Ireland from 1760, who, in 1769, granted the Moravians land on the Labrador coast for permanent settlement.[4]

In the winter of 1839–1840, the Hudson's Bay Company built a post called Fort Trial on the eastern shore of Indian House Lake. It was functional only until 15 June 1842.[5][6] Well into the twentieth century, this lake appeared as "Erlandson's Lake" on charts, and Fort Trial was often referred to in HBC correspondence as "Erlandson's Post",[7] named after Erland Erlandson, HBC clerk and the first European to travel overland from Hudson Strait to the Atlantic coast.[8]

The George River was associated with the ill-fated Leonidas Hubbard expedition of 1903 and the subsequent successful canoe expeditions of Mina Hubbard and Dillon Wallace in 1905, and Hesketh Prichard in 1910.

George River caribou herd (GRCH)

George River Caribou Herd swimming across George River 2008

The migratory George River caribou herd (GRCH), in the Ungava region of Quebec and Labrador in eastern Canada was once the world's largest herd with 800 000–900 000 animals. Although it is categorized as a subspecies Rangifer tarandus caribou,[9] the woodland caribou, the GRCH is migratory and like the barren-ground caribou its ecotype may be tundra caribou, Arctic, northern of migratory, not forest-dwelling and sedentary like most Woodland caribou ecotypes. It is unlike most woodland caribou in that it is not sedentary.

The dramatic decline in numbers of the George River herd has raised concerns.[10][11][Notes 1] In the 1980s there were between 700,000-800,000 in the herd caribou migrating between northern Quebec and Labrador. By 2010 there were 74,000. By 2012 the numbers dropped to 27,600 and by 2014 there were only 14,200.[12]

The "George River herd which morphologically and genetically belong to the woodland caribou subspecies, at one time represented the largest caribou herd in the world and migrating thousands of kilometers from boreal forest to open tundra, where most females calve within a three-week period. This behaviour is more like barren-ground caribou subspecies." They argued that "understanding ecotype in relation to existing ecological constraints and releases may be more important than the taxonomic relationships between populations."[13]

According to a National Geographic Daily News article, the George River Caribou Herd (GRCH) (Rivière-George) numbered only 3,500 animals in the late 1940s.[14] In 1958 the George River caribou herd was estimated to be numbered at 15,000. By 1988, it was the largest herd in the world with a population of 700,000.[15] And by 1993 the numbers rose to 775,000 animals.[14] By 2001, the herd was at 385,000 animals and continuing to decrease, totaling 75,000 animals in 2010.[16] The most recent survey puts the herd size at fewer than 28,000. The George River herd, south of Ungava Bay, whose numbers reached about 800 000 towards 1993, had about 384 000 individuals in 2001.[17]

In January 2013 the Innu, Inuit and Cree of Quebec and Nunatsiavut, NunatuKavut, and the Innu of Labrador formed the Ungava Peninsula Caribou Aboriginal Round Table[Notes 2] held emergency meetings and issued a joint statement.[18][10] in respond to the "critical decline" of the George River Caribou Herd (GRCH) and the "uncertain future" of the Leaf River Caribou Herd (LRCH) and Torngat Caribou Herds.[10]

The land is changing and the impacts of climate change, industrial development, and the growing human population and easier accessibility of the herd cannot be ignored in the management actions to be put forward. With the exponential rate of development, the protection of caribou habitat is greatly deficient and needs to be addressed seriously.

— Ungava Peninsula Caribou Aboriginal Round Table

[10] The Government of Nunatsiavut recommended that the "George River caribou calving grounds by designating a 14,000 km2 protection zone under the Regional Land Use Plan for the Labrador Inuit Settlement Area."

GRCH
yearpopulation
late 1940s3,500[14]
195815,000[14]
1988700,000[19]
mid-1990s750,000[17]
2001385,000[14]
201174,000[11][20]
201227,600[11]
201414,200[12]

Since the mid-1990s, the herd declined sharply and by 2010, it was reduced to 74,131—a drop of up to 92%.*[21] A 2011 survey confirms a continuing decline of the George River migratory caribou herd population.[22] By 2014 the herd was estimated to be about to 14 200,[22] down from 27,600 in 2012, 74 131 in 2010 and 385 000 in 2001.[21][23][24]

Notes

  1. ↑ The Species at Risk Act and Environment Canada do not include the Ungava caribou herds as part of the boreal caribou herds.
  2. ↑ (the Inuit of Nunavik, the Inuit of Nunatsiavut, the NunatuKavut Community Council, the Naskapi Nation of Kawawachikamach, the Grand Council of the Crees of Eeyou Istchee/Cree Regional Authority (GCCEI/CRA), the Innu Nation of Labrador and all the Innu communities from the Québec region)

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 Natural Resources Canada, Atlas of Canada – Rivers Archived 4 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  2. 1 2 FQCK (2008). Guide des parcours canotables du Québec, Tome II. pp. 234–235. ISBN 2-89000-504-6.
  3. ↑ Lawrence W. Coady (2008). The Lost Canoe: A Labrador Adventure. p. 150. ISBN 978-1-55109-658-2.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Lawrence W. Coady (2008). The Lost Canoe: A Labrador Adventure. pp. 129–130. ISBN 978-1-55109-658-2.
  5. ↑ "Hudson's Bay Company Archives". Manitoba Government. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  6. ↑ Lawrence W. Coady (2008). The Lost Canoe: A Labrador Adventure. p. 161. ISBN 978-1-55109-658-2.
  7. ↑ Lawrence W. Coady (2008). The Lost Canoe: A Labrador Adventure. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-55109-658-2.
  8. ↑ Alice M. Johnson (2000). "Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online". University of Toronto/Université Laval. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  9. ↑ Banfield 1961.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Makivik 2013.
  11. 1 2 3 Nunatsiaq News 2012.
  12. 1 2 CBC 2014.
  13. ↑ Mallory & Hillis 1998, p. 49.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Wells 2013.
  15. ↑ Bergerud, Luttich & Camps.
  16. ↑ George 2011.
  17. 1 2 Couturier et al. 2004.
  18. ↑ Makivik 2013a.
  19. ↑ Bergerud, Luttich & Camps 2007.
  20. ↑ Survival International Charitable Trust 2011.
  21. 1 2 "Inuit, Inuu, Cree in Quebec and Labrador join forces to protect Ungava caribou: a united and powerful voice that will endeavour to preserve caribou", Nunatsiaq News, 26 April 2013, archived from the original on 15 January 2014, retrieved 14 January 2014
  22. 1 2 "Provincial Government Provides Update on George River Caribou Herd", Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland, 14 August 2014, retrieved 2 January 2015
  23. ↑ Varga, Peter (20 December 2013), Warming climate threatens caribou in Nunavik, Labrador, Baffin: Study links species’ survival with stable climate (PDF), Institute of Arctic Biology, retrieved 14 January 2014
  24. ↑ Gunn, Anne; Russell, Don (March 2013), Changing abundance in migratory tundra caribou and wild reindeer and the role for a circumpolar collaborative network (PDF), Deer Specialist Group (DSG) newsletter, retrieved 15 January 2014

References

  • Banfield, Alexander William Francis (1961), "A Revision of the Reindeer and Caribou, Genus Rangifer", Bulletin, Biological Services, National Museum of Canada, 177 (66)
  • Bergerud, Arthur T.; Luttich, Stuart N.; Camps, Lodewijk (December 2007), The Return of Caribou to Ungava, Native and Northern Series (50), McGill-Queen's, p. 656, ISBN 9780773532335, retrieved 16 December 2013
  • "George River caribou population continues alarming decline: Photo survey by N.L., Quebec biologists found 14,200 caribou, down from 27,600 in 2012", CBC, 15 August 2014 |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  • Couturier, S.; Jean, D.; Otto, R.; Rivard, S. (2004), Demography of the migratory tundra caribou (Rangifer tarandus) of the Nord-du-québec region and Labrador (PDF), Québec: Ministère des Ressources Naturelles, de la Faune et des Parcs, Québec, and Direction de la recherche sur la faune, p. 68, archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2013
  • George, Jane (25 May 2011), Nunavik caribou numbers in rapid free-fall: George River herd drops by 80 per cent, Nunavik, retrieved 17 December 2013
  • Government of Quebec, Ministère du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la Pêche (Department of Recreation, Fish and Game). 1985. Considérations relatives à la noyade de caribous du fleuve George sur la rivière Caniapiscau (septembre 1984), Quebec City: MLCP, xvi+100p. (+appendices).
  • Government of Quebec, Secrétariat des activités gouvernementales en milieu amérindien et inuit (SIGMAI). 1985. Noyade des caribous sur la rivière Caniapiscau des 28 et 29 septembre 1984, Quebec City: SAGMAI, 14p. (+appendices).
  • "Aboriginal leaders come together to protect the George River and Leaf River Caribou Herds: Emergency Aboriginal Caribou Summit", Makivik, Kuujjuaq, Nunavik, 16–17 January 2013, archived from the original on 19 December 2013, retrieved 15 December 2013
  • "Aboriginal leaders of Québec and Labrador unite to protect the Ungava caribou", Makivik, Kuujjuaq, Nunavik and Nain, Labrador, 24 April 2013a, retrieved 15 December 2013
  • Mallory, F.F.; Hillis, T.L. (1998), "Demographic characteristics of circumpolar caribou populations: ecotypes, ecological constraints/releases, and population dynamics", Rangifer (Special Issue 10): 9–60, retrieved 18 December 2013
  • Grubb, P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  • "Size of Nunavik's George River caribou herd nosedives: new survey", Nunatsiaq News, 20 August 2012, retrieved 15 December 2012
  • Kangiqsualujjuaq, Nunavik Tourism, 2010, retrieved 15 December 2013
  • Racey, G.D. and T. Armstrong. 2000. Woodland caribou range occupancy in northwestern Ontario: past and present. Rangifer, Special Issue 12: 173-184.
  • Schaefer, J.A. 2003. Long-term range recession and the persistence of caribou in the taiga. Conservation Biology 17(5): 1435-1439.
  • "Christmas reindeer mystery as world's largest herd plummets", Survival International Charitable Trust, 21 December 2011, retrieved 16 November 2012
  • Wells, Jeff (2 January 2013), In Decline, Caribou Face a Tough Winter in Canada, National Geographic Society, retrieved 15 December 2013
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