George H. Brimhall

George H. Brimhall
President of
Brigham Young University
In office
April 1904[1] – July 1921[1]
Preceded by Benjamin Cluff
Succeeded by Franklin S. Harris
Personal details
Born (1852-12-09)December 9, 1852
Salt Lake City, Utah
Died July 29, 1932(1932-07-29) (aged 79)
Provo, Utah

George Henry Brimhall (December 9, 1852 – July 29, 1932) was President of Brigham Young University from 1904 to 1921. After graduating from Brigham Young Academy, Brimhall served as principal of Spanish Fork schools and then as district superintendent of Utah County schools, finally returning to Brigham Young Academy. In April 1904, Brimhall became president of the school, which had become Brigham Young University (BYU) in October 1903.[1] As President of BYU, Brimhall helped institute the collegiate program, departments for specific subjects, and an emphasis on religious learning.[2]

Early life

Brimhall was born to George W. Brimhall and Rachel Ann Meyer in Salt Lake City. When Brimhall was about one year old his family moved to Ogden and then moved to Spanish Fork, which is where Brimhall attended "Timpanogos University". Because of his family's financial situation, one semester they gave the school a side of beef to pay for his tuition. After working closely with instructor George Carson at a Spanish Fork common school, he moved back to Spanish Fork, became a teacher, and received a county teachers certificate. In 1874, Brimhall married Alsina Elizabeth Wilkins. They were the parents of 6 children.[2]:334

Before becoming President

While in Spanish Fork, Brimhall was involved with the civil affairs of the city. He became city marshal in 1875, but only for a short period of time and was later appointed as "auditor of accounts" for 2 terms. He also organized a literary and debate society and helped build a schoolhouse called "The Young Men's Academy". He eventually became principal of the Academy. After being involved in most of the educational events in Utah County, Brimhall became interested in Brigham Young Academy and decided to begin attending in 1876.[2]:335 In 1877, Brimhall graduated from Maeser school, but often struggled to get good scores on teacher examinations and other academic assessments. In 1883 Brimhall was elected as the district superintendent of Utah County schools and oversaw many other educational programs in Utah County and in Salt Lake City. He worked closely with Warren Newton Dusenberry, who was an instructor at Brigham Young Academy.[2]:336 Brimhall also worked with the Sunday School program of the LDS Church and taught classes for the young men's Mutual Improvement Association. He published some articles in the Contributor Magazine and was on the local board of examiners. He eventually moved from Spanish Fork to Provo in order to take his place as head of the Provo community schools.[2]:337

In 1890, Abraham O. Smoot invited Brimhall to be a part of the faculty at Brigham Young as a church calling. Through the Academy and with special instruction from Benjamin Cluff, Brimhall was finally able to complete a college degree while simultaneously heading the Intermediate Department and Preparatory School at the Academy. When Cluff became principal of the Academy, Brimhall took his place as head of the Normal Department, but continued in his position over the Training School as well.[2]:339 Then in 1894, Cluff returned to Michigan to complete his graduate work and left Joseph B. Keeler and Brimhall as co-acting principals of Brigham Young Academy. Both Brimhall and Keller had desires to follow Cluff's example and go east to study, but because Keller had been at the Academy longer than Brimhall, he was permitted to go east first. Because of this delay in Brimhall's education, he would never again have such an interest in pursuing higher education. This became one of the greatest weaknesses of his administration.[2]:340–341

In 1897, Brimhall was called by John W. Taylor to serve a month-long mission in Colorado. While in Colorado, Brimhall became ill and this illness, plus others, would continue for the rest of his life.[2]:342 When he returned to the Academy after his mission, he continued to work closely with Cluff. They worked to persuade the state legislature to recognize the Brigham Young Academy Normal School. He also worked closely with church leaders in Salt Lake City and in 1898 he became an official member of the Church Board of Education.[2]:344

Acting President of the Academy

When Cluff left on his expedition to South America, Brimhall was appointed as the temporary superintendent of Church schools and the acting president of Brigham Young Academy.[2]:344 As acting president, Brimhall encountered many obstacles, especially with the funding of the school and the proposed Church University which threatened the existence of the Academy. Eventually, Brimhall was able to successfully secure enough money to construct a building for the Academy's Training School and from the generous donations of the Jesse Knight family and colleagues, a new Central Building for the Academy was built.[2]:351–353 Brimhall was on the high council of the Utah Stake during this time.[2]:499

Because the Academy was being closely watched by the Board of Education and resources were scarce, Brimhall took it upon himself to ensure the success of his students. He began a class to help local parents with childcare, gave emphasis to the importance of student assemblies and clubs, and sent students and faculty to local LDS churches to speak about the value of education and speak well of the Academy. He also gave much of his attention to finding excellent speakers for the Academy's summer school and often found himself in the classrooms of the Academy lecturing and helping individual students with their educational pursuits. Because of this workload, many of Brimhall's past illnesses began to manifest themselves again. Luckily, a couple months after the illness took hold of Brimhall, Cluff returned from South America and was able to take on the responsibilities that Brimhall had been shouldering at the Academy. In April 1902, Brimhall went to California to recuperate.[2]:367–369 The year after Cluff returned to the Academy, its name was officially changed from Brigham Young Academy to Brigham Young University (BYU).[2]:375

President of Brigham Young University

In December 1903, the Board met to appoint a new president for BYU. George H. Brimhall and Joseph B. Keeler, who had served as co-presidents together during Cluff's absence, were the two main candidates. The votes were evenly divided between the two until Stephen L. Chipman decided to vote in favor of Brimhall, breaking the tie. On 16 April 1904, Brimhall was unanimously elected as president of Brigham Young University.[2]:381–382 To follow the pattern of LDS church leadership, the Church Board of Education requested that Brigham Young University, Latter-day Saints University, and Brigham Young College appoint a presidency for their respective institutions. Brimhall appointed Joseph B. Keeler and Edwin S. Hinckley as members of the BYU presidency.[2]:382–383 Just as in past years, the first couple years of Brimhall's presidency were met with financial problems. The church allocated more funds for BYU than any other church school that was supported by their funding, but it still was not enough money to cover the University's expenses.[2]:389

Brimhall continued to support the athletics programs at the University just has his predecessor, Cluff had done. During Brimhall's presidency, the Training School Building gymnasium was constructed and because football had been banned by the Board, the school focused on basketball, baseball, and track.[2]:483 Brimhall was known for his influential speeches that were able to evoke both positive and negative emotions from the students and faculty.[2]:477 He was also known for his outgoing and talkative nature, which helped him secure friends who could come to his aid for emotional and financial hardships.[2]:517

In 1907, Brigham Young University officially applied to be the official Church university and Brimhall pushed for grants in order to fund the construction of BYU's first university facility. The application to build the facility (now known as the Maeser Building) was approved by the Board of Education and BYU was the official Church university for a short time, but because of heated discussions among other Utah educators the Board decided to keep all of the Church schools at the same status for the time being.[2]:399 However, Brigham Young University was recognized as the LDS Church Teacher's College, which accelerated its increase in prestige among other known universities.[2]:401 During Brimhall's time as president of the University he helped organize the collegiate program into separate departments in order to increase concentration of certain subject. Class credits were better defined and a more defined separation of high school and college was put into place.[2]:404

That same year, Brimhall permitted Brigham Young University students to paint the letters "B", "Y", and "U" on the mountain nearest to campus, but because of limited time and resources, the "Y" was the only letter put on the mountain. The mountain that the students painted is now called "Y Mountain"[2]:482[3] In 1908 students built a concrete retaining wall around the Y.[3][4]

The Maeser building was completed in 1911, but leading up to its completion, Brimhall took it upon himself to invest more in the school just as many students and faculty members had done monetarily for the new university building. In order to achieve the goals that he had set for the University, Brimhall recruited educators who had degrees from prestigious universities in the East. These educators helped facilitate the organization of the departments and curriculum of the collegiate program.[2]:409 Many controversial topics relating to modernism were introduced to the school through faculty, which caused quite a stir at the University. After a group of students approached Brimhall and let them know that they were questioning their belief in God because of their exposure to false doctrine, Brimhall and Horace H. Cummings (who was superintendent of Church schools), decided to approach the Church Board with the hopes of setting a precedent for what could be taught at the University. After a hearing in front of the Board, Ralph Vary Chamberlin, Joseph Peterson, and Henry Peterson, who advocated evolution, biblical criticism and historical criticism were to be dispensed from their teaching positions unless they would change their teachings.[5] This caused many in the press and members of other church institutions to question the church's authority to regulate professor's freedom of speech in the classroom.[6][2]:418–427[7]

A similar controversy at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City — what Brimhall himself at the time described as 'a tempest in a teapot' — erupted four years later in February 1915. There, the dismissals of two professors and two instructors by President Joseph T. Kingsbury — and the subsequent resignations of 14 faculty members in protest (including Joseph Peterson who earlier had resigned from BYU) — launched the American Association of University Professors' first institutional academic freedom inquest, spearheaded by AAUP founders Arthur O. Lovejoy and John Dewey. The 1911 BYU controversy, involving some of the same professors, led in part to the University of Utah debacle.[8]

As a result of these intertwined academic storms, the AAUP published, in December 1915, its inaugural volume of the Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors, including the document now known as the 1915 Declaration of Principles on Academic Freedom and Academic Tenure — the AAUP’s foundational statement on the rights and corresponding obligations of members of the academic profession.[9]

Because of the recent controversies between the school and the Board of Education, Brimhall was surprised when the school was given $50,000 for BYU high school and $90,000 (initially $25,000) for the University, although the school still remained in debt.[2]:435 Brigham Young University would continue to face financial problems throughout Brimhall's presidency and around 1914 unofficial reports stated that BYU would be closed and moved to Salt Lake City to become part of LDS University.[2]:438,443 Near the end of Brimhall's time as president, the University began to emphasize its role as a religious institution, specifically focusing on the importance of testimony and morality.[2]:440 When the United States declared war with Germany in 1917, Brimhall conducted many patriotic assemblies and supported his students who enlisted.[2]:446 In October 1918, under the direction of President Brimhall, Brigham Young University officially opened an Army Training Corps center.[2]:449 The school continued its growth by building the Mechanic Arts Building, which would be the first step to the construction of separate buildings for each of the colleges within the University.[2]:452

Executive committee

Brimhall in 1922

At a BYU Board meeting, Brimhall announced that the church had asked him to devote some of his time to the seminary program. In order to keep the University running without Brimhall's constant supervision, a faculty executive committee would help with important school affairs.This shift in power marked a new era for the BYU.[2]:457 With regards to the University, Brimhall was focused on the liberal arts program and would often travel with other faculty members to promote the program.[2]:463 Although Brimhall was not as interested in hiring professors from eastern universities, he did keep in touch with Mormon students who went to graduate schools and their reports helped Brimhall see the value of advanced degrees. Brimhall also received reports from eastern administrators praising the values and intellectual prowess of students who received their undergraduate education from BYU.[2]:472

Post-Presidency

Suffering from chest and abdominal pain, Brimhall resigned the presidency of BYU in July 1921, although he remained head of the Department of Theology and Religion. Brimhall committed suicide on July 29, 1932, although many newspapers simply reported that he died after a long battle with illness.[1][10]:203

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 Bergera, Gary James; Priddis, Ronald (1985). "Chapter 1: Growth & Development". Brigham Young University: A House of Faith. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. ISBN 0-941214-34-6. OCLC 12963965.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Ernest L. Wilkinson, ed., Brigham Young University: The First 100 Years. (Provo: BYU Press, 1975) Vol. 1, p. 331-521.
  3. 1 2 "Y on the Mountainside". Brigham Young High School History. Brigham Young High School Alumni Association. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
  4. ↑ Gardner, Peter B. "An Ode to the Y: A Primer on BYU's Beloved Symbol on High". BYU Magazine. Brigham Young University. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
  5. ↑ Bowen, Craig H. (1995). Academic Freedom and the Utah Controversies of 1911 and 1915, Unpublished Master's thesis, J. Willard Marriott Library Special Collections, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.
  6. ↑ Bowen, Craig H. (1995). Academic Freedom and the Utah Controversies of 1911 and 1915, Unpublished Master's thesis, J. Willard Marriott Library Special Collections, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.
  7. ↑ Bergera, Gary James (1993). "The 1911 Evolution Controversy at Brigham Young University". In Sessions, Gene A.; Oberg, Craig J. The Search for Harmony: Essays on Science and Mormonism. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. pp. 23–41. ISBN 1-56085-020-5. OCLC 25873671.
  8. ↑ Bowen, Craig H. (1995). Academic Freedom and the Utah Controversies of 1911 and 1915. Unpublished Master's thesis, J. Willard Marriott Library Special Collections, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.
  9. ↑ Bowen, Craig H. (1995). Academic Freedom and the Utah Controversies of 1911 and 1915. Unpublished Master's thesis, J. Willard Marriott Library Special Collections, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.
  10. ↑ Woodger, Mary Jane; Groberg, Joseph H. (2010). From the Muddy River to the Ivory Tower: The Journey of George H. Brimhall. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University. ISBN 978-0-8425-2765-1.

References

  • Woodger, Mary Jane and Joseph H. Groberg, "George H. Brimhall's Legacy of Service to Brigham Young University", BYU Studies 43 no. 2 (2004), 5–46.
  • Bowen, Craig H. (1995), Academic Freedom and the Utah Controversies of 1911 and 1915, Unpublished Master's thesis, J. Willard Marriott Library Special Collections, University of Utah, Salt Lake City. Deals with the first institutional inquest, or academic freedom investigation conducted by the American Association of University Professors (AAUP), at the University of Utah in 1915, and compares it with a similar 1911 controversy at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah (involving some of the same actors and leading, in part, to the later debacle). The University of Utah inquest was spearheaded by AAUP founders Arthur O. Lovejoy and John Dewey. Call Number: LC72.3.U8 B68 1995. Filed with the present work is a companionate 'Pictorial Scrapbook' to the two Utah controversies, containing additional notes and references, photocopied images (people, campuses, boards, etc.) and news clippings. Call Number: LC72.3.U8 B682. .
Academic offices
Preceded by
Benjamin Cluff		  President of Brigham Young University 
April 1904 – July 1921		 Succeeded by
Franklin S. Harris
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