Gas laws

The gas laws were developed at the end of the 18th century, when scientists began to realize that relationships between pressure, volume and temperature of a sample of gas could be obtained which would hold to approximation for all gases. Gases behave in a similar way over a wide variety of conditions because they all have molecules which are widely spaced, and the equation of state for an ideal gas is derived from kinetic theory. The earlier gas laws are now considered as special cases of the ideal gas equation, with one or more variables held constant.

Boyle's Laws

In 1662 Robert Boyle studied the relationship between volume and pressure of a gas of fixed amount at constant temperature. He observed that volume of a given mass of a fixed amount of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure provided the temperature remains constant. Boyle's law, published in 1662, states that, at constant temperature, the product of the pressure and volume of a given mass of an ideal gas in a closed system is always constant. It can be verified experimentally using a pressure gauge and a variable volume container. It can also be derived from the kinetic theory of gases: if a container, with a fixed number of molecules inside, is reduced in volume, more molecules will strike a given area of the sides of the container per unit time, causing a greater pressure.

A statement of Boyle's law is as follows:

The volume of a given mass of a fixed amount of gas is inversely related to pressure when the temperature is constant.

The concept can be represented with these formulae:

V\propto {\frac {1}{P}}

, meaning "Volume is directly proportional to 1 divided by Pressure", or

P\propto {\frac {1}{V}}

, meaning "Pressure is directly proportional to 1 divided by Volume", or

PV=k_{1}

, or

P_{1}V_{1}=P_{2}V_{2}\,

where P is the pressure, and V is the volume of a gas, and k₁ is the constant in this equation (and is not the same as the proportionality constants in the other equations above).

Charles's law

Charles's law, or the law of volumes, was found in 1787 by Jacques Charles. It states that, for a given mass of an ideal gas at constant pressure, the volume is directly proportional to its absolute temperature, assuming in a closed system.

The statement of Charles's law is as follows: the volume (V) of a given mass of a gas, at constant pressure (P), is directly proportional to its temperature (T). As a mathematical equation, Charles's law is written as either:

V\propto T\,

, or

V/T=k_{2}

, or

V_{1}/T_{1}=V_{2}/T_{2}

,

where V is the volume of a gas, T is the absolute temperature and k₂ is a proportionality constant (which is not the same as the proportionality constants in the other equations in this article).

Gay-Lussac's law

Gay-Lussac's law, Amontons' law or the pressure law was found by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1809. It states that, for a given mass and constant volume of an ideal gas, the pressure exerted on the sides of its container is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.

As a mathematical equation, Gay-Lussac's law is written as either:

P\propto T\,

, or

P/T=k

, or

K=P divided by T

P_{1}/T_{1}=P_{2}/T_{2}

,

where P is the pressure, T is the absolute temperature, and k is another proportionality constant.

Avogadro's law

Avogadro's law states that the volume occupied by an ideal gas is directly proportional to the number of molecules of the gas present in the container. This gives rise to the molar volume of a gas, which at STP (273.15 K, 1 atm) is about 22.4 L. The relation is given by

{\frac {V_{1}}{n_{1}}}={\frac {V_{2}}{n_{2}}}\,

where n is equal to the number of molecules of gas (or the number of moles of gas).

Combined and ideal gas laws

The Combined gas law or General Gas Equation is obtained by combining Boyle's Law, Charles's law, and Gay-Lussac's Law. It shows the relationship between the pressure, volume, and temperature for a fixed mass (quantity) of gas:

pV=k_{5}T\,

This can also be written as:

\qquad {\frac {p_{1}V_{1}}{T_{1}}}={\frac {p_{2}V_{2}}{T_{2}}}

With the addition of Avogadro's law, the combined gas law develops into the ideal gas law:

pV=nRT\,

where

p is pressure

V is volume

n is the number of moles

R is the universal gas constant

T is temperature (K)

where the proportionality constant, now named R, is the universal gas constant with a value of 8.3144598 (kPa∙L)/(mol∙K). An equivalent formulation of this law is:

pV=kNT\,

where

P is the pressure

V is the volume

N is the number of gas molecules

k is the Boltzmann constant (1.381×10⁻²³J·K⁻¹ in SI units)

T is the temperature (K)

These equations are exact only for an ideal gas, which neglects various intermolecular effects (see real gas). However, the ideal gas law is a good approximation for most gases under moderate pressure and temperature.

This law has the following important consequences:

If temperature and pressure are kept constant, then the volume of the gas is directly proportional to the number of molecules of gas.
If the temperature and volume remain constant, then the pressure of the gas changes is directly proportional to the number of molecules of gas present.
If the number of gas molecules and the temperature remain constant, then the pressure is inversely proportional to the volume.
If the temperature changes and the number of gas molecules are kept constant, then either pressure or volume (or both) will change in direct proportion to the temperature.

Other gas laws

Graham's law states that the rate at which gas molecules diffuse is inversely proportional to the square root of its density at constant temperature. Combined with Avogadro's law (i.e. since equal volumes have equal number of molecules) this is the same as being inversely proportional to the root of the molecular weight.
Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the pressure of a mixture of gases simply is the sum of the partial pressures of the individual components. Dalton's law is as follows:

P_{\rm {total}}=P_{1}+P_{2}+P_{3}+...+P_{n}\equiv \sum _{i=1}^{n}P_{i}\,

,

or

P_{\mathrm {total} }=P_{\mathrm {gas} }+P_{\mathrm {H_{2}O} }\,

where P_Total is the total pressure of the atmosphere,

P_Gas is the pressure of the gas mixture in the atmosphere,

and P_H₂O is the water pressure at that temperature.

Amagat's law of partial volume states that the volume of a mixture of gases (or the volume of the container) simply is the sum of the partial volumes of the individual components. Amagat's law is as follows:

V_{\rm {total}}=V_{1}+V_{2}+V_{3}+...+V_{n}\equiv \sum _{i=1}^{n}V_{i}\,

,

where V_Total is the total volume of the gas mixture, or the volume of the container,

V_i is the partial volume of the gas in the gas mixture at that pressure and that temperature.

Henry's law states that:

At constant temperature, the amount of a given gas dissolved in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid.

p=k_{\rm {H}}\,c

Real gas law, formulated by Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1873).

References

Castka, Joseph F.; Metcalfe, H. Clark; Davis, Raymond E.; Williams, John E. (2002). Modern Chemistry. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0-03-056537-5.
Guch, Ian (2003). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Chemistry. Alpha, Penguin Group Inc. ISBN 1-59257-101-8.
Zumdahl, Steven S (1998). Chemical Principles. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-83995-5.

External links

Media related to Gas laws at Wikimedia Commons

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