Freemasonry in France

Freemasonry in France has been influential on the worldwide Masonic movement due to its founding of Continental Freemasonry.[1]

There are many and varied Masonic rites and obediences in France. The main male-only masonic organisations are the Grande Loge de France and the Grande Loge Nationale Française, the main female-only organisation is the Women's Grand Lodge Of France, and the main mixed organisations are now the Grand Orient de France and Le Droit Humain.

History

Obediences

Critiques and scandals

In the 18th century, the Pope banned Freemasonry, for reasons linked to the situation in Tuscany that were more political than religious[2] The relevant bull, In eminenti apostolatus was not however registered by the parliament of Paris and was never enacted in France. At the end of the 19th century, in the struggle between the French Republic and the Catholic Church, Freemasonry and its then-powerful networks definitively backed the state, leading to the Affaire Des Fiches, and even came to be called "the church of the Republic".[3]

References

  1. ↑ Grand Orient de France Archived 2008-04-15 at the Wayback Machine.
  2. ↑ (Dachez 2003, p. 52)
  3. ↑ (D. Ligou et al. 2000, p. 89-95)

Bibliography

Works used in this article

  • Dachez, Roger (2003). Histoire de la franc-maçonnerie française. Que sais-je?. PUF. ISBN 2-13-053539-9.
  • Jacques Mitterrand, Serge Hutin and Alain Guichard (1992). "Franc-maçonnerie". Encyclopédie Universalis. 9. la présente éd. a été réalisée sous la présidence de Peter. F. Baumberger. ISBN 2-85229-287-4.
  • Naudon, Paul (1981). Histoire générale de la franc-maçonnerie. PUF. ISBN 2-13-037281-3.
  • Franc-maçonnerie, avenir d'une tradition. Musée des Beaux-Arts de Tours. 1997. ISBN 2-84099-061-X.
  • sous la direction de Daniel Ligou.; et al. (2000). Histoire des Francs-Maçons en France. 1. private publisher. ISBN 2-7089-6838-6.
  • sous la direction de Daniel Ligou.; et al. (2000). Histoire des Francs-Maçons en France. 2. private publisher. ISBN 2-7089-6839-4.
  • Garibal, Gilbert (1994). Être franc-maçon aujourd'hui. 2. Marabout. ISBN 2-501-02029-4.
  • <Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> (1997). "Les francs-maçons". Historia. 48. ISSN 0018-2281.
  • Christian Guigue (2013). La Formation Maçonnique. Christian Guigue. ISBN 2-9506708-9-X.

Documentaries

  • Grand Orient les frères invisibles - script by Alain Moreau, directed by Patrick Cabouat, produced by France 5 / Program 33.

Other authorities in this area

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