Foxfire

		Panelluses stipticus, Mt. Vernon, Wisconsin (long exposure)
		Omphalotus olearius Omphalotus nidiformis (seen above), glowing in the dark A torch was used for fill

Foxfire, also sometimes called fairy fire or chimpanzee fire^[1], is the bioluminescence created by some species of fungi present in decaying wood. The bluish-green glow is attributed to a luciferase, an oxidative enzyme, which emits light as it reacts with a luciferin. The phenomenon has been known since ancient times, with its source determined in 1823.

Description

Foxfire is the bioluminescence created by some species of fungi present in decaying wood. It occurs in a number of species, including Panellus stipticus, Omphalotus olearius, and Omphalotus nidiformis. The bluish-green glow is attributed to a luciferase, an oxidative enzyme, which emits light as it reacts with a luciferin. It is widely believed that the light attracts insects to spread spores, or acts as a warning to hungry animals, like the bright colors exhibited by some poisonous or unpalatable animal species.^[2] Although generally very dim, in some cases foxfire is bright enough to read by.^[3]

History

The oldest recorded documentation of foxfire is from 382 B.C., by Aristotle, whose notes refer to a light that, unlike fire, was cold to the touch. The Roman thinker Pliny the Elder also mentioned glowing wood in olive groves.^[4]

Foxfire was used to illuminate the needles on the barometer and the compass of Turtle, an early submarine.^[5] This is commonly thought to have been suggested by Benjamin Franklin; a reading of the correspondence from Benjamin Gale, however, shows that Benjamin Franklin was only consulted for alternative forms of lighting when the cold temperatures rendered the foxfire inactive.

After many more literary references to foxfire by early scientists and naturalists, its cause was discovered in 1823. The glow emitted from wooden support beams in mines was examined, and it was found that the luminescence came from fungal growth.^[6]

The "fox" in "foxfire" may derive from the Old French word fols, meaning "false", rather than from the name of the animal.^[7] The association of foxes with such fires is widespread, however, and occurs also in Japanese folklore.

In popular culture

• In the poem "The Ancient Track" by H. P. Lovecraft Foxfire is seen glowing in field and bog where the narrator is convinced he will find the town of Dunwich.^[8]
• Foxfire is a series of books and a magazine focusing on Appalachian culture.^[9]
• In the episode "Trapped" of the television series Lassie, Timmy and Boomer look for Foxfire to keep girls away from them during Martha Tyson's Halloween Party.^[10]
• In the novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, the characters Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer use Foxfire as a source of light in order to dig a tunnel.^[11]
• In the episode "Our Town" of the television series X-Files, foxfire appears near where a dead body was found in the woods.^[12]
• In the Smurfs episode "The Smurf who couldn't say no", Pushover Smurf was instructed to gather foxfire from a marsh for a firefly festival.
• In the episode "The After School Hexer" of the anime Ghost Hunt, foxfire appears in several rooms of the high school in Mai Taniyama's dream.^[13]
• In the romance novel Foxfire Light by Janet Dailey, a horse and its rider are spooked by the light while riding through the woods in the Ozarks.
• In the children's book Rascal by Sterling North, the author describes a phosphorescent stump that gleamed at night with foxfire.
• In the song by John Denver, "Foxfire Suite," Foxfire is referenced.
• In an episode of the American situation comedy Small Wonder, Jamie, Harriet, and Vicki use foxfire to see at night when they get lost in the woods while camping. When the foxfire ceases producing light, Vicki uses her robot power to make her hand glow green, causing a surprised reaction from Harriet. Jamie then hastily explains to Harriet the glow must be due to Vicki spending too much time operating the microwave oven.
• In Guild Wars 2, "Foxfire Clusters" are a rarely occurring material that can be found when harvesting certain types of wood.^[14]
• In the trading card game Magic: The Gathering, there is a card named "Foxfire" illustrated by Margaret Organ-Kean. The card depicts foxfire shining from inside a wooded area. There are also fox tracks in the snow and a silhouette of a fox in the upper left corner.^[15]
• Glowing Fungi are harvestable aid items in the Fallout video game series, most notably in Fallout 3 and Fallout 4.
• Glowing Mushrooms are also found on the RPG videogame Skyrim, as harvestable items and alchemy ingredients.
• In the anime One Piece, the samurai Kin'emon is also known as Foxfire because he possesses the ability common to the strongest swordsmen to project the force of the slashes from his swords over a distance and area, but his version is unique because he also projects flames over the said area.
• In the book series Keeper of the Lost Cities by Shannon Messenger, The main character, Sophie, attends a magical school named Foxfire to represent light in a dark place.
• In the Japanese art and folklore inspired video game Okami Foxfire is a mystic flame of an odd color wielded by a group of enemy boss monsters called Tube Foxes that were inspired by tales of Kuda-gitsune but the protagonist Amaterasu (Ōkami) re-imprisons them and hands them over to a disguised Dark Lord Ninetales (who was inspired by tales of the Nine-tailed fox spirit ), inadvertently restoring its full power but later rectifying this by slaying it shortly after.
• Marvel Comics character Foxfire (comics) has the power to project bioluminescent energy that weakens the molecular binding of matter, causing it to disintegrate.^[16]

See also

• List of bioluminescent fungi
• Will-o'-the-wisp
• Aurora Borealis, called "revontulet" (literally "foxfires") in the Finnish language

References

External links

• Foxfire: Bioluminescence in the Forest pdf file by Dr. Kim D. Coder, University of Georgia 8/99
• Bioluminescent Fungi at Mykoweb