Ferragosto

Ferragosto
Ferragosto fireworks display in Padua
Observed by Italians and Sammarinese
Significance Catholic feast of the Assumption of Mary
Date 15 August
Frequency Annual

Ferragosto is a public holiday celebrated on 15 August in Italy, Ticino, and San Marino. It coincides with the major Catholic feast of the Assumption of Mary. By metonymy, it is also the summer vacation period around mid-August, which may be a long weekend (ponte di ferragosto) or most of August.[1]

History

The Feriae Augusti ("Festivals [Holidays] of the Emperor Augustus") were introduced by the emperor Augustus in 18 BCE. This was an addition to earlier ancient Roman festivals which fell in the same month, such as the Vinalia rustica or the Consualia, which celebrated the harvest and the end of a long period of intense agricultural labor. The Feriae Augusti, in addition to its propaganda function, linked the various August festivals to provide a longer period of rest, called Augustali, which was felt necessary after the hard labour of the previous weeks.

During these celebrations, horse races were organised across the Empire, and beasts of burden (including oxen, donkeys and mules), were released from their work duties and decorated with flowers. Such ancient traditions are still alive today, virtually unchanged in their form and level of participation during the Palio dell'Assunta which takes place on 16 August in Siena. Indeed, the name "Palio" comes from the pallium, a piece of precious fabric which was the usual prize given to winners of the horse races in ancient Rome.[2]

During the festival, workers greeted their masters, who in return would give them a tip. The custom became so strongly rooted that in the Renaissance it was made compulsory in the Papal States.[3]

The modern Italian name of the holiday comes directly from the Latin name.[4]

According to Richard Overy, author of "A History of War in 100 Battles", the Ferragosto Holiday was introduced by Gaius Octavius 'Augustus' after his victory over Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium on 2 September, 31 BC.

During fascism

The popular tradition of taking a trip during Ferragosto arose under the fascist regime. In the second half of the 1920s, during the mid-August period, the regime organised hundreds of popular trips through the fascist leisure and recreational organisations of various corporations, and via the setting up of the "People's Trains of Ferragosto", which were available at discounted prices.[5]

The initiative gave the opportunity to less well-off social classes to visit Italian cities or to reach seaside and mountain resorts. The offer was limited to 13, 14 and 15 August, and comprised two options: the "One-Day Trip", within a radius of 50-100 km, and the "Three-Day Trip" within a radius of about 100–200 km.[6]

In religion

The Catholic feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary also falls on 15 August, and is a major feast and Holy Day of Obligation.

References

  1. ↑ Jonathan Boardman, Rome: A Cultural and Literary Companion, p. 219
  2. ↑ Lodovico Antonio Muratori, Dissertazioni sopra le antichità italiane, Barbiellini, Roma, 1755, tomo II, pag. 32
  3. ↑ Gaetano Moroni, Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica, Tipografia Emiliana, Venezia, 1843, volume XXIII, pag. 155
  4. ↑ Pianigiani, Ottorino (1907). "Vocabolario etimologico della lingua italiana" (in Italian).
  5. ↑ Michele Ventrella, Gite fuori porta a Ferragosto, Corriere del Mezzogiorno, 14 agosto 2012
  6. ↑ Alberto De Bernardi, Una dittatura moderna: il fascismo come problema storico, Paravia, Milano, 2001
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