Eugenio María de Hostos

Eugenio María de Hostos
Portrait by Francisco Oller
Born	Eugenio María de Hostos y de Bonilla January 11, 1839 Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
Died	August 11, 1903 (aged 64) Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Resting place	National Pantheon of the Dominican Republic
Occupation	Educator, philosopher, intellectual, lawyer, sociologist, Puerto Rican independence activist
Nationality	Puerto Rican
Literary movement	Puerto Rican independence
Notable works	"La Peregrinación de Bayoán"
Spouse	Belinda Otilia de Ayala y Quintana
Children	Eugenio Carlos, Luisa Amelia, Bayoán Lautaro, Filipo Luis Duarte, María Angelina.

Eugenio María de Hostos (January 11, 1839 – August 11, 1903), known as "El Gran Ciudadano de las Américas" ("The Great Citizen of the Americas"), was a Puerto Rican educator, philosopher, intellectual, lawyer, sociologist, novelist, and Puerto Rican independence advocate.

Early years and family

Hostos (birth name: Eugenio María de Hostos y de Bonilla^{[note 1]}) was born into a well-to-do family in Barrio Río Cañas of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. His parents were Don Eugenio María de Hostos y Rodríguez (1807–1897) and Doña María Hilaria de Bonilla y Cintrón (died 1862, Madrid, Spain).^[1][2]

The Hostos family surname (originally Ostos) came from the Castile region of Spain when Don Eugenio de Ostos y Del Valle, born Ecija, Seville, Spain, moved to Camagüey, Cuba, and married, in 1736, Doña María Josefa del Castillo y Aranda. Their son Don Juan José de Ostos y del Castillo, who was born in Camagüey, Cuba, would eventually pass through the Dominican Republic, where he married Doña María Altagracia Rodríguez Velasco, eventually settling in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, where his son Don Eugenio María de Hostos y Rodríguez was born.^[3]

At a young age his family sent him to study in the capital of the island San Juan,^[4] where he received his elementary education in the Liceo de San Juan. In 1852, his family then sent him to Bilbao, Spain where he graduated from the Institute of Secondary Education (high school).^[5] After he graduated, he enrolled and attended the Complutense University of Madrid. He studied law, philosophy and letters. As a student there, he became interested in politics. In 1863, he also wrote what is considered his greatest work, "La Peregrinación de Bayoán". When Spain adopted its new constitution in 1869 and refused to grant Puerto Rico its independence, Hostos left and went to the United States.^[6]

Hostos arrived in the city of Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic where he settled with his wife, Belinda Otilia de Ayala Quintana (1862–1917), a Cuban native, whom he married in 1877 in Caracas, Venezuela. The couple had five children: Carlos Eugenio (born 1879, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic), Luisa Amelia (1881), Bayoán Lautaro (1885), Filipo Luis Duarte de Hostos (born 1890, Chile), and María Angelina (born 1892, Chile).^[1][7]

Independence advocate

In the United States he joined the Cuban Revolutionary Committee and became the editor of a journal called La Revolución. Hostos believed in the creation of an Antillean Confederation (Confederación Antillana) between Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic and Cuba. This idea was embraced by fellow Puerto Ricans Ramón Emeterio Betances and Segundo Ruiz Belvis. One of the things which disappointed Hostos was that in Puerto Rico and in Cuba there were many people who wanted their independence from Spain, but did not embrace the idea of becoming revolutionaries, preferring to be annexed by the United States.^[5]

Hostos wanted to promote the independence of Puerto Rico and Cuba and the idea of an Antillean Confederation, and he therefore traveled to many countries. Among the countries he went promoting his idea were the United States, France, Colombia, Peru, Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, the Dominican Republic, Cuba and the Danish colony of St. Thomas which is now part of the United States Virgin Islands.^[6]

Contributions to Latin America

While in Peru, Hostos helped to develop the country's educational system and spoke against the harsh treatment given to the Chinese who lived there. He stayed in Chile from 1870 to 1873. During his stay there, he taught at the University of Chile and gave a speech titled "The Scientific Education of Women." He proposed in his speech that governments permit women in their colleges. Soon after, Chile allowed women to enter its college educational system. On September 29, 1873, he went to Argentina, where he proposed a railroad system between Argentina and Chile. His proposal was accepted and the first locomotive was named after him.^[5]

Educator

Statue of Eugenio María de Hostos

In 1875, Hostos went to the Dominican Republic where he founded in Santo Domingo the first Normal School (Teachers College) and introduced advanced teaching methods, although these had been openly opposed by the local Catholic Church as Hostos opposed any sort of religious instruction in the educational process. Nonetheless, his response to this criticism was calm and constructive, as many of his writings reveal. In 1876, Hostos traveled to Venezuela and married Belinda Otilia de Ayala. Their maid of honor was the Puerto Rican poet, abolitionist, women's rights activist, and Puerto Rican independence advocate Lola Rodríguez de Tió. He returned to the Dominican Republic in 1879 when the first Normal School was finally inaugurated. He was named director and he helped establish a second Normal School in the city of Santiago de los Caballeros.^[5]

Hostos returned to the United States in 1899 and actively participated in the Puerto Rican and Cuban independence movements; his hopes for Puerto Rico's independence after the Spanish–American War turned into disappointment when the United States government rejected his proposals and instead converted the island into a United States colony.^[6]

Later years

Hostos and his students at the Normal School in 1880

In 1900, Hostos returned to the Dominican Republic where he continued to play a major role in reorganizing the educational and railroad systems. He wrote many essays on social science topics, such as psychology, logic, literature, rights and is considered one of the first systematic sociologists in Latin America. He was also known to be a supporter of women's rights.^[8]

On August 11, 1903, Hostos died in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, aged 64. He is buried in the National Pantheon located in the colonial district of that city. Per his final wishes, his remains are to stay permanently in the Dominican Republic until the day Puerto Rico is completely independent. Then and only then, does he want to be reinterred in his homeland. Hostos wrote his own epitaph:^[6]

Honors and recognitions

Hand-etched granite portrait of Eugenio María de Hostos by artist Osvaldo Torres at Cruzacalles.

• In 1938, the 8th International Conference of America, celebrated in Lima, Peru, posthumously paid tribute to Hostos and declared him "Citizen of the Americas and Teacher of the Youth". Puerto Rico declared his birthday an official holiday.^[9] There is a monument honoring Hostos in Spain.^[10]
• A municipality was named after him in the Dominican Republic in Duarte Province.^[11]

Monuments

In Puerto Rico there are two monuments dedicated to Hostos:

• One sculpture created by Tomás Batista was located in a small plaza at the side of Highway #2 at the northern entrance to his native city of Mayagüez. It has since been relocated in front of the entrance to the University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus;^[12]
• Another one created by José Buscaglia Guillermety. Recently, located inside the University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus in San Juan.^[13]

Schools

The Municipality of Mayagüez has inaugurated a cultural center and museum near his birthplace in Río Cañas Arriba ward. The city of Mayagüez also has named in his honor:

• A High School building inaugurated in 1954;^[14]
• A Highway (now Avenue) in 1961;^[15]
• Eugenio María de Hostos Airport, formerly El Maní Airport, in 1986.^[16]
• In 1970, the City University of New York inaugurated Hostos Community College, located in the South Bronx. The school serves as a starting point for many students who wish to seek careers in such fields as dental hygiene, gerontology, and public administration.^[17]
• In 1995, the Eugenio María de Hostos School of Law was established in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. The Hostos Law School aspires to achieve the development of a legal professional who is also responsive to the needs of his or her communities and embraces Hostos' educational philosophy.^[18]
• There is an intermediate school in Brooklyn, New York named for Hostos (I.S 318).^[19] *There is a Pre-K/Kindergerten school named for Hostos in Union City, New Jersey.^[20]
• There is an elementary school in Yonkers, New York named for him, the Eugenio María de Hostos Microsociety School.
• There is also a bilingual K-8 charter school in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania named for him Eugenio María de Hostos Bilingual Charter School.^[21]
• The City of New York also named a playground after him.^[22]

Written works

Among his written works are the following:^[23]

• "La Peregrinación de Bayoán" (1863);
• "Las doctrinas y los hombres" (1866);
• "El día de América";
• "Ayacucho" (1870);
• "El cholo" (1870);
• "La educación científica de la mujer" (1873);
• "Lecciones de derecho constitucional. Santo Domingo: Cuna de América" (1887);
• "Moral Social" (1888, Imprenta García Hermanos);
• "Geografía evolutiva" (1895).

Ancestry

Notes

Further reading

• Ainsa, Fernando. "Hostos y la unidad de América Latina: raíces históricas de una utopía necesaria". Cuadernos Americanos 16 (1989): pp. 67–88
• Colón Zayas, Eliseo R. "La escritura ante la formación de la conciencia nacional. La peregrinación de Bayoán de Eugenio María de Hostos". Revista Iberoamericana 140, Vol. 53 (1987): pp. 627–34
• Gutiérrez Laboy, Roberto. Eugenio María de Hostos. Proyecto Ensayo Hispánico. Ed. José Luis Gómez Martínez. University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
• Mead, Jr., Robert G. "Montalvo, Hostos y el ensayo latinoamericano". Hispania 39 (1956): pp. 56–62; also Perspectivas Americanas, Literatura y libertad. Nueva York: Las Américas, 1967; pp. 89–102
• Ramos, Julio. Divergent Modernities: Culture and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Latin America (transl. John D. Blanco). Durham, NC: Duke University Press (2001), pp. 43–48
• Sánchez, Luis Alberto. "Eugenio María de Hostos". Escritores representativos de América. Madrid: Gredos 2 (1963): 147–54
• Sánchez Álvarez-Insúa, Alberto. "Moral Social de Eugenio María de Hostos". Arbor, 183 (724): 211–216 (2007). doi:10.3989/arbor.2007.i724.92
• Villanueva Collado, Alfredo. "Eugenio María de Hostos ante el conflicto modernismo/modernidad". Revista Iberoamericana 162–163 (January–June 1993): pp. 21–32
• Ward, Thomas. "Four Days in November: The Peruvian Experience of Eugenio María de Hostos". Revista de Estudios Hispánicos 26.1–2 (2001): pp. 89–104
• Ward, T. La teoría literaria: romanticismo, krausismo y modernismo ante la 'globalización' industrial. "Romance Monographs". University of Mississippi (2004): pp. 55–70
• Ward, T. La resistencia cultural: la nación en el ensayo de las Américas. Lima: Universidad Ricardo Palma (2004): pp. 125–40
• Ward, T. "From Sarmiento to Martí and Hostos: Extricating the Nation from Coloniality". European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 83 (October 2007): pp. 83–104

See also

• List of Puerto Rican writers
• List of Puerto Ricans
• Puerto Rican literature

References

External links

• Short Biography on Hostos
• Official Webpage of Eugenio M. Hostos Community College
• Webpage of the "Eugenio Maria de Hostos Foundation"