Eucalyptus cornuta

Yate
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Clade:Angiosperms
Clade:Eudicots
Clade:Rosids
Order:Myrtales
Family:Myrtaceae
Genus:Eucalyptus
Species: E. cornuta
Binomial name
Eucalyptus cornuta

Eucalyptus cornuta, known as yate, is a tree species endemic to southwest Australia.

Taxonomy

The names in the Nyungar language of southwest Australia are Mo, Yandil, Yeit or Yate.[1] Yate is well established as a common name for this widely grown tree, and several other western species of eucalypt are so named: bushy yate E. lehmannii, flat topped yate E. occidentalis, river yate E. macrandra, and warty yate E. megacornuta.[2]

Eucalyptus cornuta was the first western Australian eucalypt to be described. The type collection was obtained by Jacques Labillardière on the 15th of December, 1792, at Observatory Island (Archipelago of the Recherche) off the south coast of the Goldfields-Esperance region.[3] The first description was given in Labillardière's Relation du Voyage à la Recherche de la Pérouse in 1800.[4] The epithet cornuta is taken from Latin for 'horned', a reference to the elongated young caps of the flower bud.[5] The synonym Eucalyptus macrocera was published by Nicolai Stepanovitch Turczaninow in 1849.

Description

A larger and graceful tree with uprights main stems and slender spreading branches that form an open canopy. The species often occurs in isolated stands.[5] Its height can range from 2 to 25 metres (7 to 82 ft) in its native habitat, although in cultivation it is usually a medium to large tree ranging from 10 to 20 m (33 to 66 ft).[6] The canopy typically has a width up to 8 to 12 metres (26 to 39 ft).[7] It has rough bark on the trunk which contrasts with the smooth bark of the upper part of the tree.[8] The dark and courser bark at lower parts peels away to reveal a greyish surface.[5][9] New stems may fork out from the trunk or basal lignotuber, multiple main stems may replace a single trunk in older specimens.[10][11]

The glossy, green, thick, concolorous adult leaves have a disjunct arrangement. The leaf blade has a lanceolate to broad lanceolate shape and is basally tapered. The petioles are narrowly flattened or channelled.[12]

The tree produces clusters of long, horn-shaped buds that are followed by prolific, showy, green to yellow flowers between summer and winter.[8] Each simple conflorescence is axillary with umbellasters that contain over eleven flowers. The buds are rostrate, but not not glaucous or pruinose. The calyx calyptrate sheds early. When fruits are produced they have a cylindrical or hemispherical or campanulate shape with a flat or raised disc and exsertes valves.[12]

Ecology

Yate on cleared land, Primer of Forestry, 1922

E. cornuta occurs in an area southeast of Busselton to Cape Arid and the islands of the Recherche Archipelago, in Western Australia.[8] The species is found in a large mallee form at coastal areas, or as tall stands in areas of high rainfall and fertile soil of valleys, especially the inland region from Manjimup to the Porongurups. Vigorous early growth and the potential in its lignotuber allow it to generate new stems after fire or as new opportunities emerge in the canopy or surroundings. The form is similar to the mallee habit of smaller eucalypts in drier regions, its habit is comparable to limestone marlock, E. decipiens, which occurs to the north and east.[13] In favourable habitat a single trunk may attain great height; it is able to compete in tall forests of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) and marri (Corymbia calophylla) or any other species except the karri giants in Eucalyptus diversicolor forest.[14]

Cultivation

The tree is sold commercially for use as an ornamental, shade or wildlife habitat. It will tolerate drought, moderate frost and lime soils. It will grow in a range of soils and in coastal areas[7] While it may obtain great height in its natural habitat, the species is successfully planted as a medium or small tree for shade and windbreaks, and as street trees or for highway verges. Well known as a cultivated tree throughout Australia, E. cornuta has also been introduced to California.[9]

Ferdinand Mueller sent seed of the species to Lucknow], where the sapling grew to a height of eight to ten feet within a year and, unlike eucalypts tested, tolerated tropical rain; his 1879 report also noted the successful introduction to Melbourne.[15]

References

  • Powell, Robert (2016). "Yate (Eucalyptus cornuta)". Robert Powell Tree Pictures. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
  1. ↑ "Noongar names for plants". kippleonline.net. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  2. ↑ Wrigley, John W.; Fagg, Murray (2003). Australian native plants : cultivation, use in landscaping and propagation (fifth ed.). Sydney: New Holland. pp. 540–42, 696. ISBN 1 876334 90 8.
  3. ↑ Hopper, Stephen (2003). "South-western Australia, Cinderella of the world's temperate floristic regions 1". Curtis's Botanical Magazine. 20 (2): 101–126. doi:10.1111/1467-8748.00379.
  4. ↑ "Eucalyptus cornuta Labill". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
  5. 1 2 3 Scott, Jane; Negus, Patricia (illustrator) (2013). Wildflowers of Southwest Australia: Augusta-Margaret River Region. Fremantle: Cape to Cape Publishing. p. 149. ISBN 9780980333770.
  6. ↑ "Eucalyptus cornuta Labill. Yate". Florabase - the Western Australia Flora. Western Australian Herbarium, Department of Parks and Wildlife. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  7. 1 2 "Eucalyptus cornuta Yate". Plant Selector. Botanic Gardens of South Australia. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  8. 1 2 3 Boland, Douglas J.; McDonald, Maurice William (2006). "Yate". Forest Trees of Australia. CSIRO Publishing. p. 334. ISBN 0643069690. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  9. 1 2 Lord, Ernest E. (1970). "3. The Eucalypts (Eucalyptus)". Shrubs and trees for Australian gardens (4th ed.). Melbourne: Lothian. p. 34. ISBN 0850911044.
  10. ↑ Powell 2016, Intro..
  11. ↑ Powell 2016, Yate 14..
  12. 1 2 "Eucalyptus cornuta". Eucalink. Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  13. ↑ Powell, Intro..
  14. ↑ Powell, Yate 1.
  15. ↑ Mueller, Ferdinand (1879). Report on the forest resources of Western Australia. London: Reeve. p. 8.
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