Edward Bulwer-Lytton

The Right Honourable
The Lord Lytton
PC
Secretary of State for the Colonies
In office
5 June 1858 – 11 June 1859
Monarch Victoria
Prime Minister The Earl of Derby
Preceded by Lord Stanley
Succeeded by The Duke of Newcastle
Personal details
Born Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer-Lytton
(1803-05-25)25 May 1803
London
Died 18 January 1873(1873-01-18) (aged 69)
Torquay
Nationality British
Political party Whig (1831–1841)
Conservative (1851–1866)
Spouse(s) Rosina Doyle Wheeler
(1802–1882)
Alma mater Trinity College, Cambridge
Trinity Hall, Cambridge

Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton, PC (25 May 1803 – 18 January 1873) was an English novelist, poet, playwright and politician. He served as a Whig MP from 1831 to 1841 and a Conservative MP from 1851 to 1866. He was Secretary of State for the Colonies from June 1858 to June 1859, during which time he selected Richard Clement Moody to be the founder of British Columbia. Bulwer-Lytton was offered the Crown of Greece in 1862, after the abdication of King Otto, but declined it. He became Baron Lytton of Knebworth in the British peerage in 1862.

Bulwer-Lytton was the father of the statesman Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton, who served as Governor-General of India and as British Ambassador to France, and composed poetry under the pseudonym Owen Meredith.

Bulwer-Lytton's literary works were highly popular and his bestselling novels earned him a large fortune. He invented the phrases "the great unwashed", "pursuit of the almighty dollar", "the pen is mightier than the sword", and "dweller on the threshold". Then came a sharp decline in his literary reputation, so that he is known for little more than the much-parodied opening line "It was a dark and stormy night", the first seven words of his novel Paul Clifford (1830). The sardonic Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest attempts to find the "opening sentence of the worst of all possible novels".[1][2][3][4]

Life

Bulwer-Lytton was born on 25 May 1803 to General William Earle Bulwer of Heydon Hall and Wood Dalling, Norfolk and Elizabeth Barbara Lytton, daughter of Richard Warburton Lytton of Knebworth House, Hertfordshire. He had two older brothers, William Earle Lytton Bulwer (1799–1877) and Henry (1801–1872), later Lord Dalling and Bulwer.

When Edward was four, his father died and his mother moved to London. He was a delicate, neurotic child and was discontented at a number of boarding schools. But he was precocious and Mr. Wallington at Baling encouraged him to publish, at the age of fifteen, an immature work, Ishmael and Other Poems.

In 1822 he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where he met John Auldjo, but shortly afterwards moved to Trinity Hall. In 1825 he won the Chancellor's Gold Medal for English verse.[5] In the following year he took his BA degree and printed, for private circulation, a small volume of poems, Weeds and Wild Flowers.

He purchased a commission in the army in 1826, but sold it in 1829 without serving.[6]

Edward Bulwer-Lytton. His Harold, the Last of the Saxons (1848) was the source for Verdi's opera Aroldo.

In August 1827, he married Rosina Doyle Wheeler (1802–1882), a famous Irish beauty, but against his mother's wishes, who withdrew his allowance, so that he was forced to work for a living.[7] They had two children, Lady Emily Elizabeth Bulwer-Lytton (1828–1848), and (Edward) Robert Lytton Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton (1831–1891) who became Governor-General and Viceroy of British India (1876–1880).

His writing and political work strained their marriage, while his infidelity embittered Rosina;[8] in 1833 they separated acrimoniously and in 1836 the separation became legal.[8]

Three years later, Rosina published Cheveley, or the Man of Honour (1839), a near-libellous fiction bitterly satirising her husband's alleged hypocrisy.[8] In June 1858, when her husband was standing as parliamentary candidate for Hertfordshire, she indignantly denounced him at the hustings. He retaliated by threatening her publishers, withholding her allowance, and denying her access to the children.[8] Finally he had her committed to a mental asylum,[8] but after a public outcry, she was released a few weeks later.[8] This incident was chronicled in her memoir, A Blighted Life (1880).[9][10] She continued her attacks upon her husband's character for several years.

Bulwer-Lytton in later life

The death of Bulwer-Lytton's mother in 1843 greatly saddened him. His own "exhaustion of toil and study had been completed by great anxiety and grief," and by "about the January of 1844, I was thoroughly shattered".[11][12] In his mother's room at Knebworth House, Bulwer-Lytton "had inscribed above the mantelpiece a request that future generations preserve the room as his beloved mother had used it." It remains essentially unchanged to this day.[13]

On 20 February 1844, in accordance with his mother's will, he changed his surname from 'Bulwer' to 'Bulwer-Lytton' and assumed the arms of Lytton by royal licence. His widowed mother had done the same in 1811. His brothers remained plain "Bulwer".

By chance Bulwer-Lytton encountered a copy of "Captain Claridge's work on the "Water Cure", as practised by Priessnitz, at Graefenberg", and "making allowances for certain exaggerations therein", pondered the option of travelling to Graefenberg, but preferred to find something closer to home, with access to his own doctors in case of failure: "I who scarcely lived through a day without leech or potion!".[11][12] After reading a pamphlet by Doctor James Wilson, who operated a hydropathic establishment with James Manby Gully at Malvern, he stayed there for "some nine or ten weeks", after which he "continued the system some seven weeks longer under Doctor Weiss, at Petersham", then again at "Doctor Schmidt's magnificent hydropathic establishment at Boppart" (at the former Marienberg Convent at Boppard), after developing a cold and fever upon his return home.[11]

When King Otto of Greece abdicated in 1862, Bulwer-Lytton was offered the crown of Greece, which he declined.[14] The English Rosicrucian society, founded in 1867 by Robert Wentworth Little, claimed Bulwer-Lytton as their 'Grand Patron', but he wrote to the society complaining that he was 'extremely surprised' by their use of the title, as he had 'never sanctioned such'.[15] Nevertheless, a number of esoteric groups have continued to claim Bulwer-Lytton as their own, chiefly because some of his writings—such as the 1842 book Zanoni—have included Rosicrucian and other esoteric notions. According to the Fulham Football Club, he once resided in the original Craven Cottage, today the site of their stadium.

Bulwer-Lytton had long suffered with a disease of the ear and for the last two or three years of his life he lived in Torquay nursing his health.[16] Following an operation to cure deafness, an abscess formed in his ear and burst; he endured intense pain for a week and died at 2am on 18 January 1873 just short of his 70th birthday.[16] The cause of death was not clear but it was thought that the infection had affected his brain and caused a fit.[16] Rosina outlived him by nine years. Against his wishes, Bulwer-Lytton was honoured with a burial in Westminster Abbey.[17]

His unfinished history Athens: Its Rise and Fall was published posthumously.

Career

Caricature by Ape published in Vanity Fair in 1870

Bulwer-Lytton began his career as a follower of Jeremy Bentham. In 1831 he was elected member for St Ives in Cornwall, after which he was returned for Lincoln in 1832, and sat in Parliament for that city for nine years. He spoke in favour of the Reform Bill, and took the leading part in securing the reduction, after vainly essaying the repeal, of the newspaper stamp duties. His influence was perhaps most keenly felt when, on the Whigs' dismissal from office in 1834, he issued a pamphlet entitled A Letter to a Late Cabinet Minister on the Crisis.[18] Lord Melbourne, then Prime Minister, offered him a lordship of the admiralty, which he declined as likely to interfere with his activity as an author.

In 1841, he left Parliament and did not return to politics until 1852, when, having differed from the policy of Lord John Russell over the Corn Laws, he stood for Hertfordshire as a Conservative. Lord Lytton held that seat until 1866, when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Lytton of Knebworth in the County of Hertford. In 1858 he entered Lord Derby's government as Secretary of State for the Colonies, thus serving alongside his old friend Disraeli. In the House of Lords he was comparatively inactive.

British Columbia

When news of the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush reached London, Bulwer-Lytton, who was Secretary of State for the Colonies, requested that the War Office recommend a field officer, "a man of good judgement possessing a knowledge of mankind", to lead a Corps of 150 (later increased to 172) Royal Engineers, who had been selected for their "superior discipline and intelligence".[19] The War Office chose Richard Clement Moody: and Lord Lytton, who described Moody as his "distinguished friend",[20] accepted the nomination, in view of Moody's military record, his success as Governor of the Falkland Islands, and the distinguished record of his father, Colonel Thomas Moody, Knight, at the Colonial Office.[21] Moody was charged to establish British order and to transform the newly established Colony of British Columbia (1858–66) into the British Empire's "bulwark in the farthest west"[22] and "found a second England on the shores of the Pacific."[19] Lytton desired to send to the colony "representatives of the best of British culture, not just a police force": he sought men who possessed "courtesy, high breeding and urbane knowledge of the world,"[23] and decided to send Moody, whom the Government considered to be the archetypal "English gentleman and British Officer."[24] at the head of the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, to whom he wrote an impassioned letter.[20]

The former HBC Fort Dallas at Camchin, the confluence of the Thompson and Fraser Rivers, was renamed in his honour by Governor Sir James Douglas in 1858 as Lytton, British Columbia.[25]

Literary works

Bulwer-Lytton's literary career began in 1820, with the publication of a book of poems, and spanned much of the 19th century. He wrote in a variety of genres, including historical fiction, mystery, romance, the occult, and science fiction. He financed his extravagant life with a varied and prolific literary output, sometimes publishing anonymously.[8]

1849 printing of Pelham with Hablot K. Browne (Phiz) frontispiece: Pelham's electioneering visit to the Rev. Combermere St Quintin, who is surprised at dinner with his family.

In 1828 Pelham brought him public acclaim and established his reputation as a wit and dandy.[8] Its intricate plot and humorous, intimate portrayal of pre-Victorian dandyism kept gossips busy trying to associate public figures with characters in the book. Pelham resembled Benjamin Disraeli's recent first novel Vivian Grey (1827).[8] The character of the villainous Richard Crawford in The Disowned, also published in 1828, borrowed much from that of the banker and forger Henry Fauntleroy, who was hanged in London in 1824 before a crowd of some 100,000.[26]

Bulwer-Lytton admired Disraeli's father, Isaac D'Israeli, himself a noted author. They began corresponding in the late 1820s and met for the first time in March 1830, when Isaac D'Israeli dined at Bulwer-Lytton's house. (Also present that evening were Charles Pelham Villiers and Alexander Cockburn. The young Villiers was to have a long parliamentary career, while Cockburn became Lord Chief Justice of England in 1859.)

Bulwer-Lytton reached the height of his popularity with the publication of Godolphin (1833). This was followed by The Pilgrims of the Rhine (1834), The Last Days of Pompeii (1834), Rienzi, Last of the Roman Tribunes (1835),[8] Leila; or, The Siege of Granada (1838) and Harold, the Last of the Saxons (1848).[8] The Last Days of Pompeii was inspired by Karl Briullov's painting, The Last Day of Pompeii, which Bulwer-Lytton saw in Milan.[27]

He also wrote the horror story "The Haunted and the Haunters" or "The House and the Brain" (1859).[28] Another novel dealing with a supernatural theme was A Strange Story (1862), which was an influence on Bram Stoker's Dracula.[29]

Bulwer-Lytton penned many other works, including The Coming Race or Vril: The Power of the Coming Race (1871), which drew heavily on his interest in the occult and contributed to the early growth of the science fiction genre.[30] Its story of a subterranean race waiting to reclaim the surface of the Earth is an early science fiction theme. The book popularised the Hollow Earth theory and may have inspired Nazi mysticism.[31] His term "vril" lent its name to Bovril meat extract.[32] Adopted by theosophists and occultists since the 1870s, "vril" would develop into a major esoteric topic, and eventually become closely associated with the ideas of an esoteric neo-Nazism after 1945.[33]

His play Money (1840) was first produced at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket, London, on 8 December 1840. The first American production was at the Old Park Theater in New York on 1 February 1841. Subsequent productions include the Prince of Wales's Theatre's in 1872 and it was also the inaugural play at the new California Theatre in San Francisco in 1869.[34]

Among Bulwer-Lytton's lesser-known contributions to literature was that he convinced Charles Dickens to revise the ending of Great Expectations to make it more palatable to the reading public, as in the original version of the novel, Pip and Estella do not get together.[35]

Legacy

Quotations

Bulwer-Lytton's most famous quotation, "The pen is mightier than the sword", is from his play Richelieu where it appears in the line:

beneath the rule of men entirely great, the pen is mightier than the sword

In addition, he popularized the phrase "pursuit of the almighty dollar" from his novel The Coming Race.[36]

He is also credited with "the great unwashed". He used this rather disparaging term in his 1830 novel Paul Clifford:

He is certainly a man who bathes and "lives cleanly", (two especial charges preferred against him by Messrs. the Great Unwashed).[37]

The Last Days of Pompeii has been cited as the first source, but inspection of the original text shows this to be wrong. However, the term "the Unwashed" with the same meaning, appears in The Parisians: "He says that Paris has grown so dirty since 4 September, that it is only fit for the feet of the Unwashed." The Parisians, though, was not published until 1872, while William Makepeace Thackeray's novel Pendennis (1850) uses the phrase ironically, implying it was already established. The Oxford English Dictionary refers to "Messrs. the Great Unwashed" in Lytton's Paul Clifford (1830), as the earliest instance.

Bulwer-Lytton is also credited with an appellation for the Germans: "Das Volk der Dichter und Denker" (The people of poets and thinkers).

Theosophy

Also the writers of theosophy were influenced by his work. Annie Besant and especially Helena Blavatsky incorporated his thoughts and ideas from particularly The Last Days of Pompeii, Vril, the Power of the Coming Race and Zanoni in her own books.[38][39]

Contest

Bulwer-Lytton's name lives on in the annual Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest, in which contestants think up terrible openings for imaginary novels, inspired by the first line of his 1830 novel Paul Clifford:[40]

It was a dark and stormy night; the rain fell in torrents—except at occasional intervals, when it was checked by a violent gust of wind which swept up the streets (for it is in London that our scene lies), rattling along the housetops, and fiercely agitating the scanty flame of the lamps that struggled against the darkness.

Entrants in the contest seek to capture the rapid changes in point of view, the florid language, and the atmosphere of the full sentence. The opening was popularized by the Peanuts comic strip, in which Snoopy's sessions on the typewriter usually began with It was a dark and stormy night.[41] The same words also form the first sentence of Madeleine L'Engle’s Newbery Medal-winning novel A Wrinkle in Time. Similar wording appears in Edgar Allan Poe's 1831 short story, The Bargain Lost, although not at the very beginning. It reads:

It was a dark and stormy night. The rain fell in cataracts.

Operas

Several of Bulwer-Lytton's novels were made into operas, one of which, Rienzi, der Letzte der Tribunen (1842) by Richard Wagner, eventually became more famous than the novel. Leonora (1846) by William Henry Fry, the first European-styled "grand" opera composed in the United States, is based on Bulwer-Lytton's play The Lady of Lyons, as is Frederic Cowen's first opera Pauline (1876). Verdi rival Errico Petrella's most successful opera, Jone (1858), was based upon Bulwer-Lytton's The Last Days of Pompeii, and was performed all over the world until the First World War. Harold, the Last of the Saxons (1848) was the source for Verdi's opera Aroldo in 1857.

Magazines

In 1831 Bulwer-Lytton became the editor of the New Monthly but he resigned the following year. In 1841, he started the Monthly Chronicle, a semi-scientific magazine. During his career he wrote poetry, prose, and stage plays; his last novel was Kenelm Chillingly, which was in course of publication in Blackwood’s Magazine at the time of his death in 1873.

Translations

Bulwer-Lytton's works of fiction and non-fiction were translated in his day and since then into many languages, including Serbian (by Laza Kostic), German, Russian, Norwegian, Swedish, French, Finnish, and Spanish. In 1879, his Ernest Maltravers was the first complete novel from the West to be translated into Japanese.[42]

Place names

In Queensland, Australia the Brisbane suburb of Lytton is to be found on Bulwer Island which today is home to the Port of Brisbane. Also in Queensland on Moreton Island (Moorgumpin) is located another settlement by the name of Bulwer. The township of Lytton, Quebec (today part of Montcerf-Lytton) was named after him[43] as was Lytton, British Columbia, and Lytton, Iowa. Lytton Road in Gisborne, New Zealand was named after the novelist and subsequently a state secondary school, Lytton High School was established on the street.[44]

Portrayal on television

Bulwer-Lytton was portrayed by the actor Brett Usher in the 1978 television serial Disraeli.

Works by Edward Bulwer-Lytton

Novels

Verse

  • Ismael (1820)[8]
  • The New Timon (1846), an attack on Tennyson published anonymously[8]
  • King Arthur (1848–1849)[8]

Plays

See also

References

  1. ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2012/may/17/dickens-browning-lear-reputation
  2. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=8GS8DWMLRYEC&pg=PA139
  3. ↑ https://io9.gizmodo.com/5780430/an-appreciation-of-lord-bulwer-lytton
  4. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/13/us/wonderfully-terrible-writers-discovered.html
  5. ↑ "Bulwer [post Bulwer-Lytton], Edward George [Earle] Lytton (BLWR821EG)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
  6. ↑ History of Parliament Online article.
  7. ↑ World Wide Words – Unputdownable
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Drabble, Margaret (2000). The Oxford Companion to English Literature (sixth edition) pp.147. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-866244-0.
  9. ↑ Lady Lytton (1880). A Blighted Life. London: The London Publishing Office. Retrieved 28 November 2009. (Online text at wikisource.org)
  10. ↑ Devey, Louisa (1887). Life of Rosina, Lady Lytton, with Numerous Extracts from her Ms. Autobiography and Other Original Documents, published in vindication of her memory. London: Swan Sonnenschein, Lowrey & Co. Retrieved 28 November 2009. Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
  11. 1 2 3 Lord Lytton (Published posthumously, 1875). "Confessions of a Water-Patient". in Pamphlets and Sketches (Knebworth ed.). London: George Routledge and Sons. pp. 49–75. Retrieved 28 November 2009. Check date values in: |year= (help) Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
  12. 1 2 Bulwer (April 1863). "Bulwer's Letter on Water-Cure". In R.T. Trall (ed.). The Herald of Health, and The Water-cure journal (see title page of January edition, pp.5). 35–36. New York: R.T. Trall & Co. pp. 149–154 (see pp.151). Retrieved 26 November 2009.
  13. ↑ "Mrs. Bulwer-Lytton's Room", Knebworth House Antique Photographs, retrieved 28 November 2009
  14. ↑ The Alexander Romance in Persia and the East
  15. ↑ R. A. Gilbert, 'The Supposed Rosy Crucian Society', in Caron et al. (eds.), Ésotérisme, Gnoses et Imaginaire Symbolique, Leuven: Peeters, 2001, pp. 399.
  16. 1 2 3 Mitchell, Leslie George (2003). Bulwer Lytton: The Rise and Fall of a Victorian Man of Letters. London, New York: Hambledon Continuum. ISBN 1-85285-423-5.
  17. ↑ Westminster Abbey monuments and gravestones
  18. ↑ Lord Lytton (Published posthumously, 1875). "The Present Crisis. A Letter to a Late Cabinet Minister". Pamphlets and Sketches (Knebworth ed.). London: George Routledge and Sons. pp. 9–48. Retrieved 28 November 2009. Check date values in: |year= (help) Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
  19. 1 2 Jean Barman, The West Beyond the West: A History of British Columbia, (Toronto: University of Toronto), p. 71
  20. 1 2 Drummond, Sir Henry (1908). "XXIII". Rambling Recollections, Vol. 1. Macmillan and Co., London. p. 272.
  21. ↑ "Entry for Richard Clement Moody in Dictionary of Canadian Biography". 2002.
  22. ↑ Donald J. Hauka, McGowan's War, Vancouver: 2003, New Star Books, p. 146.
  23. ↑ Scott, Laura Elaine (1983). The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862. Simon Fraser University. p. 13.
  24. ↑ Scott, Laura Elaine (1983). The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862. Simon Fraser University. p. 19. .
  25. ↑ The Canadian Press (17 August 2008). "Toff and prof to duke it out in literary slugfest". CBC News. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
  26. ↑ Richard Davenport-Hines, "Fauntleroy, Henry (1784–1824)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, UK: OUP, 2004 Retrieved 12 October 2017.
  27. ↑ Harris, Judith (2007). Pompeii Awakened: A Story of Rediscovery. I.B. Tauris. p. 166. ISBN 978-1-84511-241-7.
  28. ↑ This story is included in Isaac Asimov's anthology, Tales of the Occult. Isaac Asimov; Martin Harry Greenberg (1989). Asimov, Isaac, ed. Tales of the Occult. Prometheus. ISBN 0-87975-531-8. It also appears in The Wordsworth Book of Horror Stories. Various; Wordsworth Editions, Limited (1998-01-05). The Wordsworth Book of Horror Stories. Wordsworth Classics. ISBN 1-84022-056-2.
  29. ↑ The coming race / Edward Bulwer-Lytton ; edited with an introduction by David Seed
  30. ↑ May Day, 1871: The Day "Science Fiction" Was Invented
  31. ↑ Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (1985–2004). The Occult Roots Of Nazism. I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd. ISBN 1-86064-973-4.
  32. ↑ "Bovril". Unilever.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 April 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
  33. ↑ Julian Strube. Vril. Eine okkulte Urkraft in Theosophie und esoterischem Neonazismus. München/Paderborn: Wilhelm Fink 2013.
  34. ↑ Don B. Wilmeth 2007) The Cambridge Guide to American Theatre
  35. ↑ John Forster's biography of Dickens
  36. ↑ Edward Bulwer Lytton Baron Lytton, The Coming Race (London, England: William Blackwood and Sons, 1871), page 2.
  37. ↑ Edward Bulwer Lytton Baron Lytton; Eric Robinson (1838). Paul Clifford. Baudry's European Library. p. x, footnote.
  38. ↑ Edward Bulwer-Lytton, The Coming Race, Introduction by David Seed, Wesleyan University Press, 2007, p. xlii.
  39. ↑ Brian Stableford, The A to Z of Fantasy Literature, Scarecrow Press, 2009, "Blavatsky, Madame (1831–1991)".
  40. ↑ Edward Bulwer Lytton, Paul Clifford (Paris, France: Baudry's European Library, 1838), page 1.
  41. ↑ "It Was a Dark and Stormy Night". Television Tropes & Idioms. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  42. ↑ Keene, Donald (1984). Dawn to the West: Japanese Literature of the Modern Era. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 62. ISBN 0-03-062814-8.
  43. ↑ "Lytton". Banque de noms de lieux du Québec (in French). Commission de toponymie du Québec. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
  44. ↑ Meade, Geoffrey Thomas (1986). History of the school, 1961-1985 : Lytton High School. Thomas Adams Printing. p. 3. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  45. ↑ The Lady of Lyons

Further reading

  • Christensen, Allan Conrad (1976). Edward Bulwer-Lytton: The Fiction of New Regions. Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press. ISBN 0-8203-0387-9.
  • Christensen (Ed.), Allan Conrad (1976). The Subverting Vision of Bulwer Lytton: Bicentenary Reflections. Newark, Delaware: The University of Delaware Press. ISBN 0-87413-856-6.
  • Escott, T. H. S. (1910). Edward Bulwer, First Baron Lytton of Knebworth; a Social, Personal, and Political Monograph. London: George Routledge & Sons.
  • Mitchell, L. G (2003). Bulwer Lytton: The Rise and Fall of a Victorian Man of Letters. London & New York:: Hambledon and London. ISBN 1-85285-423-5. (Distributed in the U.S. and Canada by Palgrave Macmillan)
  • Whittington-Egan, Molly (2013) Arthur O'Shaughnessy: Music Maker (publisher Bluecoat Press)

Bulwer-Lytton ebooks

Other links

Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by
William Pole-Tylney-Long-Wellesley
James Morrison		 Member of Parliament for St Ives
1831 – 1832
With: James Halse		 Succeeded by
James Halse
Preceded by
Charles Sibthorp
George Heneage		 Member of Parliament for Lincoln
1832–1841
With: George Heneage to 1835
Charles Sibthorp from 1835		 Succeeded by
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William Rickford Collett
Preceded by
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Sir Henry Meux, Bt
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1852 – 1866
With: Thomas Plumer Halsey to 1854
Sir Henry Meux, Bt 1847–59
Abel Smith 1854–57
Christopher William Puller 1857–64
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Henry Cowper from 1865		 Succeeded by
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Political offices
Preceded by
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Academic offices
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Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation Baron Lytton
1866–1873		 Succeeded by
Robert Bulwer-Lytton
Baronet
(of Knebworth)
1838–1873

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