Echiniscus testudo

Echiniscus testudo
On a grain of sand
Dorsal view, showing its four segmented bands
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Tardigrada
Class:Heterotardigrada
Family:Echiniscidae
Genus:Echiniscus
Species: E. testudo
Binomial name
Echiniscus testudo
(Doyère, 1840)
Synonyms[1][2]
  • Emydium testudo Doyère, 1840[3]
  • Echiniscus bellermanni Schultze, 1840[4]
  • Echiniscus inermis Richters, 1902[5]
  • Echiniscus trifilis Rahm, 1921
  • Echiniscus filamentosus mongoliensis Iharos, 1973[6]

Echiniscus testudo is a cosmopolitan species of tardigrade.

Taxonomy

The species was described by Louis Michel Français Doyère in 1840; he placed it in the genus Emydium.[3]

G. Ramazzotti and W. Maucci classified E. filamentos mongoliensis Iharos, 1973[6] as a synonym of E. testudo in 1983; this was followed by other tardigradologists.[1] In 2017, Piotr Gąsiorek and colleagues restored it as a distinct taxon and elevated it to species level: E. mongoliensis.[7]

Gąsiorek and colleagues also classified E. filamentosus Plate, 1888[8] and E. glaber Bartoš, 1937 as junior synonyms of E. testudo.[7]

Distribution

It is found throughout most of the Palaearctic,[9] and has been recorded in all continents except Antarctica and Australia.[10][11] Most reports are Holarctic.[12]

Locations where it has been recorded include: Denmark, Egypt, the Faroe Islands, France, Germany, Greece, Greenland, Israel, Italy, Morocco,[9] Iberia,[13] Mongolia,[14] and China.[10][15]

Doyère based his description off specimens collected in Paris.[3] The neotype designated by Gąsiorek and colleagues was collected in Paris's Montmartre Cemetery.[7]

The type localities of the junior synonyms E. bellermanni and E. inermis are both in Germany: the former is Greifswald,[4] and the latter is the Taunus mountains near Frankfurt.[5]

References

  1. 1 2 Guidetti, Roberto G.; Bertolani, Roberto B. (2005). "Tardigrade taxonomy: an updated check list of the taxa and a list of characters for their identification" (PDF). Zootaxa. 845: 24–25. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.845.1.1.
  2. ↑ Degma, Peter; Bertolani, Roberto; Guidetti, Roberto (2017). "Actual checklist of Tardigrada species (2009–2017, 32nd Edition: 01-06-2017)" (PDF). p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2017.
  3. 1 2 3 Doyère, [L. M. F.] (1840). "Mémoire sur les Tardigrades". Annales des sciences naturelles. Ser. 2. 14: 281–281; Pl. 12, Figs. 1–3.
  4. 1 2 Schultze, Carolus Augustus Sigismundus (1840). Echiniscus Bellermanni animal crustaceum, macrobioto Hufelandii affini. Berolinum: G. Reimer.
  5. 1 2 Richters, Ferd. (1902). "Beträge zur Kenntnis der Fauna der Umgebung von Frankfurt a.M." Bericht der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main. 1902 (2): 11–12; Pl. 1, Fig. 3.
  6. 1 2 Iharos, Gy. (1973). "Angaben zur geographischen Verbreitung der Tardigraden" [Data to Geographical Distribution of Tardigrada] (PDF). Opuscula Zoologica. Budapest. 12 (1–2): 84–85.
  7. 1 2 3 Gąsiorek, Piotr; Stec, Daniel; Morek, Witold; Michalczyk, Łukasz (October 2017). "An integrative redescription of Echiniscus testudo (Doyère, 1840), the nominal taxon for the class Heterotardigrada (Ecdysozoa: Panarthropoda: Tardigrada)". Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of Comparative Zoology. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2017.09.006.
  8. ↑ Plate, Ludwig H. (1888). "Beträge zur Naturgeschichte der Tardigraden". Zoologische Jahrbücher. 3 (3): 532.
  9. 1 2 Jørgensen, Aslak; Møbjerg, Nadja; Kristensen, Reinhardt M. (2007). "A molecular study of the tardigrade Echiniscus testudo (Echiniscidae) reveals low DNA sequence diversity over a large geographical area". Journal of Limnology. 66 (Suppl. 1, Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Tardigrada): 77–83. doi:10.4081/jlimnol.2007.s1.77.
  10. 1 2 Beasley, Clark W.; Miller, William R. (2007). "Tardigrada of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China". Journal of Limnology. 66 (Suppl. 1, Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Tardigrada): 52. doi:10.4081/jlimnol.2007.s1.49.
  11. ↑ McInnes, S.J. (1994). "Zoogeographic distribution of terrestrial/freshwater tardigrades from current literature". Journal of Natural History. 28 (2): 273–274. doi:10.1080/00222939400770131.
  12. ↑ McInnes, Sandra J.; Michalczyk, Łukasz; Kaczmarek, Łukasz (2017). "Annotated zoogeography of non-marine Tardigrada. Part IV: Africa". Zootaxa. 4284 (1): 16–17. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4284.1.1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2017.
  13. ↑ Maucci, W.; Durante, M. V. (1984). "I Tardigradi della Penisola Iberica". Miscel·lània Zoològica. 8: 71.
  14. ↑ Kaczmarek, Łukasz; Michalczyk, Łukasz (2006). "The Tardigrada Fauna of Mongolia (Central Asia) with a Description of Isohypsibius altai sp. nov. (Eutardigrada: Hypsibiidae)" (PDF). Zoological Studies. 45 (1): 13.
  15. ↑ Li, Xiaochen (2007). "Tardigrades from the Tsinling Mountains, central China with descriptions of two new species of Echiniscidae (Tardigrada)". Journal of Natural History. 41 (41–44): 2725. doi:10.1080/00222930701711046.
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