Displacement (ship)

Load lines, by showing how low a ship is sitting in the water, make it possible to determine displacement

The displacement or displacement tonnage of a ship is its weight based on the amount of water its hull displaces at varying loads. It is measured indirectly using Archimedes' principle by first calculating the volume of water displaced by the ship then converting that value into weight displaced. Traditionally, units used are tonnes although gigagrams and teragrams would be the metric equivalent.

Ship displacement varies by a vessel's degree of load, from its empty weight as designed (known as "Lightweight tonnage"[1]) to its maximum load. Numerous specific terms are used to describe varying levels of load and trim, detailed below.

Ship displacement should not be confused with measurements of volume or capacity typically used for commercial vessels, such as net tonnage, gross tonnage, or deadweight tonnage.

Calculation

Shipboard stability programs can be used to calculate a vessel's displacement

The process of determining a vessel's displacement begins with measuring its draft[2] This is accomplished by means of its "draft marks" (or "load lines"). A merchant vessel has three matching sets: one mark each on the port and starboard sides forward, midships, and astern.[2] These marks allow a ship's displacement to be determined to an accuracy of 0.5%.[2]

The draft observed at each set of marks is averaged to find a mean draft. The ship's hydrostatic tables show the corresponding volume displaced.[3] To calculate the weight of the displaced water, it is necessary to know its density. Seawater (1025 kg/m3) is more dense than fresh water (1000 kg/m3);[4] so a ship will ride higher in salt water than in fresh. The density of water also varies with temperature.

Devices akin to slide rules have been available since the 1950s to aid in these calculations. It is done today with computers.[5]

Displacement is usually measured in units of tonnes or long tons.[6]

Definitions

Two similar destroyers berthed alongside each other. The one on the outboard is more heavily loaded and displaces more water.

There are terms for the displacement of a vessel under specified conditions:

Loaded displacement

  • Loaded displacement is the weight of the ship including cargo, passengers, fuel, water, stores, dunnage and such other items necessary for use on a voyage. These bring the ship down to its "load draft",[7] colloquially known as the "waterline".
  • Full load displacement and loaded displacement have almost identical definitions. Full load is defined as the displacement of a vessel when floating at its greatest allowable draft as established by classification societies (and designated by its "waterline").[8] Warships have arbitrary full load condition established.[8]
  • Deep load condition means full ammunition and stores, with most available fuel capacity used.

Light displacement

  • Light displacement (LDT) is defined as the weight of the ship excluding cargo, fuel, water, ballast, stores, passengers, crew, but with water in boilers to steaming level.[7]

Normal displacement

  • Normal displacement is the ship's displacement "with all outfit, and two-thirds supply of stores, ammunition, etc., on board."[9]

Standard displacement

  • Standard displacement, also known as "Washington displacement", is a specific term defined by the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922.[10] It is the displacement of the ship complete, fully manned, engined, and equipped ready for sea, including all armament and ammunition, equipment, outfit, provisions and fresh water for crew, miscellaneous stores, and implements of every description that are intended to be carried in war, but without fuel or reserve boiler feed water on board.[10]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "A Guide to Understanding Ship Weight and Tonnage Measurements – The Maritime Site". www.themaritimesite.com. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
  2. 1 2 3 George, 2005. p.5.
  3. ↑ George, 2005. p. 465.
  4. ↑ Turpin and McEwen, 1980.
  5. ↑ George, 2005. p. 262.
  6. ↑ Otmar Schäuffelen (2005). Chapman Great Sailing Ships of the World. Hearst Books. p. xix.
  7. 1 2 Military Sealift Command.
  8. 1 2 Department of the Navy, 1942.
  9. ↑ United States Naval Institute, 1897. p 809.
  10. 1 2 Conference on the Limitation of Armament, 1922. Ch II, Part 4.

Bibliography

  • Dear, I.C.B.; Kemp, Peter (2006). Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea (Paperback ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-920568-X.
  • George, William E. (2005). Stability & Trim for the Ship's Officer. Centreville, Md: Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 0-87033-564-2.
  • Hayler, William B. (2003). American Merchant Seaman's Manual. Cambridge, Md: Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 0-87033-549-9. .
  • Turpin, Edward A.; McEwen, William A. (1980). Merchant Marine Officers' Handbook (4th ed.). Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 0-87033-056-X.
  • Navy Department (1942). "Nomenclature of Naval Vessels". history.navy.mil. United States Navy. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
  • Military Sealift Command. "Definitions, Tonnages and Equivalents". MSC Ship Inventory. United States Navy. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
  • MLCPAC Naval Engineering Division (2005-11-01). "Trim and Stability Information for Drydocking Calculations". United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
  • United States of America (1922). "Conference on the Limitation of Armament, 1922". Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: 1922. 1. pp. 247–266.
  • United States Naval Institute (1897). Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute. United States Naval Institute. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
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