Dipteris

Dipteris
Dipteris conjugata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Division:Pteridophyta
Class:Polypodiopsida/Pteridopsida
(disputed)
Order:Gleicheniales
Family:Dipteridaceae
Genus:Dipteris
Reinw.
Species

See text

Dipteris is a genus of about 5 species of ferns, native to tropical regions across the world, including Asia and Cuba, with a temperate species in north eastern Queensland in Australia. It is one of two genera in the family Dipteridaceae.

Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt published the species in 'Syll. Pl. Nov.' Volume 2 on page 3 in 1825,[1] by describing Dipteris conjugata Reinw.[2] which is the most known species.[3]

In 1839, Mr R. Brown reduced the genus to a subgenus of 'Polypodium',[4] In 1901, Dr. Christ published 'Die Farnkrauter der Erde't, within which he included the genus 'Dipteris' in the Polypodiaceae family, (a subdivision of the 'Polypodiacea').[5] It was then later placed into a separate genus,[6][7] Bower (1928), Ching (1940) and Pichi-Sermolli (1958) had all recreated the family 'Dipteridaceae', comprising only one genus, Dipteris.[8] Due to the differences in sporangium, stomata and gametophte.[9]

The Latin genus name Dipteris refers to an amalgamation of two terms. 'Di' meaning two, different or between. The 'pteris' is from the Greek word for fern or wing-like.[10]

The species has been found to have been widely distributed during the Jurassic period,[11] of the Mesozoic Era when much of the genera was widely distributed around Europe. Such fossils have been found in England, Germany, France, Belgium, Austria, Switzerland, Bornholm (island), Greenland, and Poland.[5]

Most of the species grow on rocks, exposed places, clearings and in thickets.[12] They grow from creeping rhizomes,[13] have large stalks to the sporangium and annulus.[11] The rhizomes have bristles (or hairs) and the fronds have uniseriate hairs (having one line or series).[9] All species of Dipteris have spore-capsules that are carried on the lower surface of the broad lobed frond.[6] The fronds can reach up to 50 cm long.[7] Many species are found in Malaysia, Philippines, Samoa and New Guinea, growing beside Matonia (another fern species).[7][5]

Species

Five species are known.[14]

  • Dipteris chinensis Christ – Tropical Asia and Australasia.
  • Dipteris conjugata Reinw. – China.
  • Dipteris horsfieldii (R. Br. ex Hook.)Bedd. – Cuba, Hispaniola.
  • Dipteris lobbiana (Hook.) T. Moore – Cuba, Hispaniola.
  • Dipteris wallichii (R. Br.) T. Moore – India, Cuba, Hispaniola.

Dipteris polyphyllus, a species from New Guinea has not been fully accepted as a species.[15]

References

  1. ↑ "FOC Vol. 2-3 Page 4, 116". efloras.org. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  2. ↑ Seward, A. C.; Dale, Elizabeth (1901). "On the Structure and Affinities of Dipteris, with Notes on the Geological History of the Dipteridinae". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 194: 487–513.
  3. ↑ "Taxon: Dipteris conjugata Reinw". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
  4. ↑ Annals of Natural History, Volume 2, p. 215, at Google Books
  5. 1 2 3 Seward, A. C.; Dale, Elizabeth (1901). "On the Structure and Affinities of Dipteris, with Notes on the Geological History of the Dipteridinae". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 68: 373–374.
  6. 1 2 A. C. Seward Links with the Past in the Plant World, p. 93, at Google Books
  7. 1 2 3 A. C. Seward Fossil Plants: A Text-Book for Students of Botany and Geology, p. 298, at Google Books
  8. ↑ Indian Botanical Society, Memoirs, Issue 4, page 9, 1963
  9. 1 2 Peter H. Hovenkamp A Monograph of the Fern Genus Pyrrosia: Polypodiaceae, p. 102, at Google Books
  10. ↑ D. Gledhill The Names of Plants, p. 319, at Google Books
  11. 1 2 R.D. Preton and H.W. Woolhouse Advances in Botanical Research, Volume 4, p. 310, at Google Books
  12. ↑ K.U. Kramer, Klaus Kubitzki, P.S. Green (Editors) Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms, p. 101, at Google Books
  13. ↑ F. O. Bower The Ferns (Filicales): Volume 2, The Eusporangiatae and Other ..., Volume 2, p. 315, at Google Books
  14. ↑ "Species in Dipteris". .theplantlist.org. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  15. ↑ "Dipteris polyphyllus". Retrieved 6 September 2017.

Other sources

  • Douglas Houghton Campbell, The Evolution of the Land Plants (Embryophyta), 1940
  • Anil Kumar, Botany for Degree Pteridophyta, 2006
  • Sir Arthur George Tansley, The New Phytologist, 1956
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