Dictamnus

Dictamnus
Dictamnus albus in flower
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae
Subfamily: Toddalioideae
Genus: Dictamnus
Species: D. albus
Binomial name
Dictamnus albus
Synonyms[1]
  • Dictamnus altaicus Fisch. ex Royle
  • Dictamnus angustifolius G.Don ex Sweet
  • Dictamnus caucasicus (Boiss.) Fisch. ex Grossh.
  • Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz.
  • Dictamnus davuricus Voss nom. inval.
  • Dictamnus fraxinella Pers.
  • Dictamnus generalis E.H.L.Krause
  • Dictamnus gymnostylis Steven
  • Dictamnus himalayanus Royle
  • Dictamnus himalayensis Royle
  • Dictamnus hispanicus Webb ex Willk.
  • Dictamnus macedonicus (Borbás) Pénzes
  • Dictamnus major Vilm. ex Voss nom. inval.
  • Dictamnus microphyllus Schur
  • Dictamnus obtusiflorus W.D.J.Koch
  • Dictamnus odorus Salisb.
  • Dictamnus sessilis Wallr.
  • Dictamnus solitarius Stokes
  • Dictamnus suffultus Wallr.
  • Dictamnus tadshikorum Vved.
  • Fraxinella alba Gaertn.
  • Fraxinella dictamnus Moench

Dictamnus is a genus of flowering plant in the family Rutaceae, with a single species, Dictamnus albus, which has several geographical variants.[2] It is also known as burning bush,[3] dittany,[3] gas plant,[3] and fraxinella.[3] It is a herbaceous perennial, native to warm, open woodland habitats in southern Europe, north Africa and much of Asia.

Description

This plant grows about 40 cm (16 in) to 100 cm (39 in) high. Its flowers form a loose pyramidal spike and vary in colour from pale purple to white. The flowers are five-petalled with long projecting stamens. The leaves resemble those of an ash tree.[2]

Volatile oils

In the summer months, the whole plant is covered with a kind of flammable substance, which is gluey to the touch, and has a very fragrant, lemony aroma; but if it takes fire, it goes off with a flash all over the plant. The name "burning bush" derives from the volatile oils produced by the plant, which can catch fire readily in hot weather, leading to comparisons with the burning bush of the Bible, including the suggestion that this is the plant involved there. The daughter of Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus is said to have ignited the air once, at the end of a particularly hot, windless summer day, above Dictamnus plants, using a simple matchstick. The volatile oils have a reputed component of isoprene.

Cultivation

Several varieties and cultivars have been selected for garden use. The variety D. albus var. purpureus in which the violet-purple is confined to veining of white petals with a slight blush, has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[4][5] Dictamnus is tap-rooted, making mature plants difficult to establish and resistant to division; young plants often need three years before they begin to flower, and since it is late to break into leaf in spring, even quite mature clumps may be harmed with vigorous soil-working in spring. For all these reasons, added to toxicity of the foliage, Dictamnus is rarely seen in American gardens.

Toxicity

The leaves have a bitter and unpalatable taste. Despite the lemon-like smell, the plant is acrid when eaten. All parts of the plant may cause mild stomach upset if eaten, and contact with the foliage may cause photodermatitis.[2]

Chemistry

More than 100 chemical constituents have been isolated from the genus Dictamnus, including alkaloids, limonoid triterpenoids, flavonoids, sesquiterpenoids, coumarins, and phenylpropane.[6]

References

  1. ↑ The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species, retrieved 23 June 2016
  2. 1 2 3 RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 1405332964.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Dictamnus albus". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  4. ↑ "Dictamnus albus var. purpureus". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  5. ↑ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 29. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
  6. ↑ Gao X.; Zhao P.-H.; Hu J.-F. (2011). "Chemical constituents of plants from the genus Dictamnus". Chemistry and Biodiversity. 8 (7): 1234–1244. doi:10.1002/cbdv.201000132. PMID 21766445.
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