Dichrostachys cinerea

Sicklebush
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Dichrostachys
Species: D. cinerea
Binomial name
Dichrostachys cinerea
Synonyms

Cailliea dichrostachys Guill. et Perr.
Dichrostachys glomerata Chiov.
Dichrostachys nutans (Pers.) Benth.
Dichrostachys nyassana Taub
Mimosa cinerea L.

Dichrostachys cinerea, known as sicklebush, Bell mimosa, Chinese lantern tree or Kalahari Christmas tree (South Africa), is a legume of the genus Dichrostachys in the Fabaceae family.[2]

Other common names include acacia Saint Domingue (French), el marabu (Cuba), " Mpangara" (Shona), Kalahari-Weihnachtsbaum (German of former South West Africa), kéké or mimosa clochette (Réunion).

Etymology

The generic name Dichrostachys means 'two-colored spike', referring to its two-colored inflorescence, from the Ancient Greek δί- (di-, 'twice'), χροός (khroos, 'color'), and στάχυς (stakhus, 'ear of grain'). The specific name cinerea refers to the greyish hairs of the typical subspecies, from the Latin cinereus ('ashes').

Distribution

It is native to Africa, Indian subcontinent and North Australia[3] and introduced to the Caribbean and parts of Southeast Asia. In Ethiopia, the species is common in the Nechisar National Park.[4]

The tree was brought to the Caribbean in the 19th century.[5] In Cuba, where it is known as El Marabú or Marabou weed, it has become a serious invasive species problem, occupying about 4,900,000 acres (20,000 km2) of agricultural land. Plans are underway to exploit it as a source of biomass for renewable power generation.[6][7]

Description and ecology

Flowering

Dichrostachys cinerea is a semi-deciduous to deciduous tree characterized by bark on young branches, dark grey-brown fissures on older branches and stems and smooth on the spines. They typically grow up to 7 metres (23 ft) in height and have strong alternate thorns, generally up to 8 cm (3.1 in) long. Flowers of the Dichrostachys cinerea are characteristically in bicoloured cylindrical spikes that resemble Chinese lanterns and are 6 to 8 centimetres (2.4 to 3.1 in) long and fragrant.[8] Upper flowers of a hanging spike are sterile, and are of a lilac or pale purple. Pods are usually a mustard brown and are generally twisted or spiralled and may be up to {{convert}100| ×| 15|mm}}. The species can be subcategorized with two slight variations that have been recognised: D. cinerea ssp. africana and D. cinerea ssp. nyassana, the latter which is typically larger and less hairy in its foliage.[2]

The species tends to grow in rainforest zones that are clearly defined and in altitudes up to 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). It often occurs in areas with a strong seasonal climate with a wide-ranging mean annual temperature and with a mean annual rainfall ranging from 200 to 400 millimetres (7.9 to 15.7 in). It occurs in brushwood, thickets, hedges, teak forest and grassland and generally takes to poorer quality clay soils or deep and sandy soils with a wide ph scale range.[2]

In India, it can occur in dry deciduous forest.

Dichrostachys cinerea in Bhopal, India

In southern Africa, Dichrostachys cinerea generally flowers from October to February with fruiting from May to September. In Indonesia, however, the species has been found flowering from September to June and fruiting from March to May. The tree generally grows at a medium to slow rate, 6–8 centimetres (3.1 in) per year.

Uses

The pods are rich in nutrients
Dichrostachys cinerea seeds
Dichrostachys cinerea - MHNT

Fruit and seeds that grow on Dichrostachys cinerea are edible. Cattle, camels and game such as giraffe, buffalo, kudu, hartebeest, nyala, red forest duiker and Damara dik-dik feed on the juicy pods that fall to the ground. Such animals also feed on the immature twigs and leaves of the tree which are rich in protein (11–15%) and minerals. The flowers can be a valuable source of honey. The wood is of a dense nature and burns slowly with no toxicity, so it is often used for fuelwood. The species yields a medium to heavy, durable hardwood and is often used in smaller domestic items as walking sticks, handles, spears and tool handles, particularly in central Africa.

In traditional medicine, the bark is used for headache, toothache, dysentery, elephantiasis, root infusions are used for leprosy, syphilis, coughs, as an anthelmintic, purgative and strong diuretic, leaves are used for epilepsy and also as a diuretic and laxative, and a powdered form is massaged on limbs with bone fractures.[2] The roots are also sometimes used for bites or stings. In Siddha medicine of the Tamils in southern India, Dichrostachys cinerea is called vidathther and used for gonorrhea, syphilis and eczema.[9]

As they are rich in nutrients, the plants are often used as fertiliser, particularly in the Sahel region of Africa along riverbanks.[10] The plant is widely used for soil conservation, particularly in India, for shallow soils, and in arid western and subhumid alluvial plains.

It is also cultivated as an indoor bonsai specimen.[11]

Despite its various uses, it is generally regarded a threat to agricultural production and is listed on the Global Invasive Species Database.[5]

References

  1. ↑ Contu, S (2012). "Dichrostachys cinerea". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T164134A20066865. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T164134A20066865.en.
  2. 1 2 3 4 World Agroforestry Centre at the Wayback Machine (archived 2011-09-30)
  3. ↑ Duthie, John Firminger (1973). Flora of the Upper Gangetic Plain and of the Adjacent Siwalik and Sub-Himalayan Tracts. Calcutta: Govt Printer India.
  4. ↑ Nechisar National Park at the Wayback Machine (archived 2008-06-09)
  5. 1 2 Fournet, J. (13 April 2005). "Dichrostachys cinerea". Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
  6. ↑ Ravsberg, Fernando (24 June 2010). "A Weed that Could Bring Cuba Power". Havana Times. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
  7. ↑ Rainsford, Sarah (7 December 2012). "Cuba looks to weed for fresh power". BBC News. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
  8. ↑ "Dichrostachys cinerea - Sickle Bush". Guide to the tree species of Southern Africa. Eco Travel Africa. n.d. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
  9. ↑ Raamachandran, J. (2008). Herbs of Siddha Medicine/The First 3D Book On Herbs. Chennai: Murugan Patthipagam. pp. 76-. ISBN 978-8190612302.
  10. ↑ Vogt, K. (1995). A field guide to the identification, propagation and uses of common trees and shrubs of dryland Sudan. SOS Sahel International (UK). ISBN 1901459152.
  11. ↑ "Flowering Princess Earrings Bonsai Tree - Small(dichrostachys cinerea)". Bonsai Boy Catalog. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
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