Den seal impressions

the reconstructed text of the seal

In 1985, the German Archaeological Institute discovered seal impressions of a cylinder seal in the tomb of First Dynasty king Den. They were published by Günter Dreyer the following year. The impressions are the earliest confirmed king list for ancient Egypt.^[1]

The names are listed in following order:

Narmer
Hor-Aha
Djer
Djet
Den
Merneith (Den's mother and regent)

The list bolsters the argument that Narmer was the founder of the First Dynasty as opposed to being the last of the pre-unification kings of Thinis. Also of importance is the absence of Menes as scholarly consensus believe Menes was a later variation of Narmer's name.^[2]

References

↑ Günter Dreyer: Ein Siegel der frühzeitlichen Königsnekropole von Abydos, in: MDAIK 43 (1986). 33-43
↑ Hawass, Zahi et al. (2003). Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.

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[1] Günter Dreyer: Ein Siegel der frühzeitlichen Königsnekropole von Abydos, in: MDAIK 43 (1986). 33-43

[2] Hawass, Zahi et al. (2003). Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.

First Dynasty of Ancient Egypt
Pharaohs	Menes/Narmer Hor-Aha Djer Djet Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a
Regents	Neithhotep Merneith
Queen consorts	Benerib Herneith Penebui Nakhtneith (Khenthap) Semat Serethor Seshemetka Betrest
Officials	Amka Hemaka Sabef Meriiti
Other people	Ahaneith
Artefacts and monuments	Narmer macehead Narmer palette Tomb of Anedjib Den seal impressions Abydos boats MacGregor plaque Mastabas S3503 and S3504
Capital	Thinis