Delta baryon
The Delta baryons (or Δ baryons, also called Delta resonances) are a family of subatomic particle made of three up or down quarks (u or d quarks).
Four closely related Δ baryons exist:
Δ++
(constituent quarks: uuu),
Δ+
(uud),
Δ0
(udd), and
Δ−
(ddd), which respectively carry an electric charge of +2 e, +1 e, 0 e, and −1 e. The Δ baryons have a mass of about MeV/c2, a 1232spin of 3⁄2, and an isospin of 3⁄2. Ordinary protons and neutrons (nucleons (symbol N)), by contrast, have a mass of about MeV/c2, a 939spin of 1⁄2, and an isospin of 1⁄2. The
Δ+
(uud) and
Δ0
(udd) particles are the higher-mass excitations of the proton (
N+
, uud) and neutron (
N0
, udd), respectively. However, the
Δ++
and
Δ−
have no direct nucleon analogues.
The states were established experimentally at the University of Chicago cyclotron[1] and the Carnegie Institute of Technology synchro-cyclotron[2] in the mid-1950s using accelerated positive pions on hydrogen targets. The existence of the
Δ++
, with its unusual +2 charge, was a crucial clue in the development of the quark model.
The Delta states discussed here are only the lowest-mass quantum excitations of the proton and neutron. At higher masses, additional Delta states appear, all defined by having 3⁄2 units of isospin, but with a spin quantum numbers including 1⁄2, 3⁄2, 5⁄2, ... 11⁄2. A complete listing of all properties of all these states can be found in Ref.[3].
There also exist antiparticle Delta states with opposite charges, made up of the corresponding antiquarks.
Formation and Decay
The Delta states are created when an energetic-enough probe such as a photon or pion impinges upon a proton or neutron, or possibly by the collision of an energetic-enough nucleon pair.
All of the Δ baryons with mass near 1232 MeV quickly decay via the strong force into a nucleon (proton or neutron) and a pion of appropriate charge. The relative probabilities of allowed final charge states are given by their respective isospin couplings. More rarely and more slowly, the
Δ+
can decay into a proton and a photon and the
Δ0
can decay into a neutron and a photon.
List
Particle name |
Symbol | Quark content |
Mass (MeV/c2) |
I3 | JP | Q(e) | S | C | B′ | T | Mean lifetime (s) |
Commonly decays to |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Delta[3] | Δ++ (1232) |
u u u |
1,232 ± 2 | +3⁄2 | 3⁄2+ | +2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ±0.14)×10−24 (5.63[a] | p+ + π+ |
Delta[3] | Δ+ (1232) |
u u d |
1,232 ± 2 | +1⁄2 | 3⁄2+ | +1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ±0.14)×10−24 (5.63[a] | π+ + n0 , or |
Delta[3] | Δ0 (1232) |
u d d |
1,232 ± 2 | −1⁄2 | 3⁄2+ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ±0.14)×10−24 (5.63[a] | π0 + n0 , or |
Delta[3] | Δ− (1232) |
d d d |
1,232 ± 2 | −3⁄2 | 3⁄2+ | −1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ±0.14)×10−24 (5.63[a] | π− + n0 |
[a] ^ PDG reports the resonance width (Γ). Here the conversion is given instead.
References
- ↑ H. L. Anderson, E. Fermi, E. A. Long, and D. E. Nagle, “Total Cross Sections of Positive Pions in Hydrogen.” Phys. Rev., 85, 936 (1952). and ibid. p. 934.
- ↑ J. Ashkin et al., “Pion Proton Scattering at 150 and 170 MeV.” Phys. Rev., 101, 1149 (1956).
- 1 2 3 4 5 J. Beringer et al. (2013): Particle listings –
Δ
(1232)
Bibliography
- C. Amsler et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008). "Review of Particle Physics". Physics Letters B. 667 (1): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018.