Deepfake

Deepfake, a portmanteau of "deep learning" and "fake",[1] is an artificial intelligence-based human image synthesis technique. It is used to combine and superimpose existing images and videos onto source images or videos.

Deepfakes may be used to create fake celebrity pornographic videos or revenge porn.[2] Deepfake pornography surfaced on the Internet in 2017, particularly on Reddit,[3] and has been banned by sites including Reddit, Twitter, and Pornhub.[4][5][6] Deepfakes can be used to create fake news and malicious hoaxes.[7][8]

Non-pornographic deepfakes can be easily found on popular online video streaming sites such as YouTube or Vimeo. A popular program is FakeApp,[9] which makes use of TensorFlow.[10]

Techniques for faking facial gestures and rendering onto the target video as look-alike of the target person were presented in 2016 and allow near real-time counterfeiting of facial expressions in existing 2D video.[11]

Pornography

In autumn 2017, an anonymous Reddit user under the pseudonym "Deepfakes" posted several porn videos on the Internet. The first one that captured attention was the Daisy Ridley deepfake. It was also one of the more known deepfake videos, and a prominent feature in several articles. Another one was a Deepfake simulation of Wonder Woman actress Gal Gadot having sex with her step-brother, while others were of actresses like Emma Watson, Katy Perry, Taylor Swift or Scarlett Johansson. The scenes were not real, having been created with an artificial intelligence. They were debunked a short time later. As time went on, the Reddit community fixed many bugs in the faked videos, making it increasingly difficult to distinguish fake from true content. As training data for the software, Reddit users used records from sex films and the respective actress. The Deepfake phenomenon was first reported in December 2017 in the technical and scientific section of the magazine Vice, leading to its widespread reporting in other media.[12][13]

In the United Kingdom, producers of deepfake material can be prosecuted for harassment but there are calls to make Deepfake a specific crime.[14]

Politics

Deepfakes have been used to misrepresent well-known politicians on video portals or chatrooms. For example, the face of the Argentine President Mauricio Macri was replaced by the face of Adolf Hitler, and Angela Merkel's face was replaced with Donald Trump's.[15][16] In April 2018, Jordan Peele and Jonah Peretti created a deepfake using Barack Obama as a public service announcement about the danger of deepfakes.[17]

App

In January 2018, a desktop application called FakeApp was launched. The app allows users to easily create and share videos where the faces had been swapped. The app uses an artificial neural network and the power of the graphics processor and three to four gigabytes of storage space to generate the fake video. For detailed information, the program needs a lot of visual material from the person to be inserted in order to learn which image aspects have to be exchanged, using the deep learning algorithm based on the video sequences and images. The software uses the AI-Framework TensorFlow of Google, which among other things was already used for the program DeepDream. Celebrities are the main targets of such fake sex videos, but some individuals are also affected.[18][19][20] In August 2018,  researchers at UC Berkley published a paper introducing a fake dancing app that can replace an immature individual with an expert dancer using AI.[21][22]

Criticisms

Abuses

The Aargauer Zeitung says that the manipulation of images and videos using artificial intelligence could become a dangerous mass phenomenon. However, the falsification of images and videos is even older than the advent of video editing software and image editing programs; in this case it is the realism that is a new aspect.[15]

It is also possible to use Deepfake for targeted hoaxes and revenge porn.[23][24]

Effects on credibility and authenticity

Another effect of Deepfake is that it can no longer be distinguished whether content is targeted (e.g. satire) or genuine. AI researcher Alex Champandard has said everyone should know how fast things can be corrupted today with this technology, and that the problem is not technical one, but rather one to be solved by trust in information and journalism. The primary pitfall is that humanity could fall into an age in which it can no longer be determined whether the depicted media corresponds to the truth.[15]

Internet reaction

Some websites, such as Twitter and Gfycat, announced that they would delete Deepfake content and block its publishers. Previously, the chat platform Discord blocked a chat channel with fake celebrity porn videos. The pornography website, Pornhub, also plans to block such content, however it has been reported that the site has not been enforcing its ban.[25][26] At Reddit, the situation initially remained unclear until the subreddit was suspended on February 7, 2018 due to the policy violation of "involuntary pornography".[13][27][28][29]

References

  1. ↑ Brandon, John (2018-02-16). "Terrifying high-tech porn: Creepy 'deepfake' videos are on the rise". Fox News. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
  2. ↑ "What Are Deepfakes & Why the Future of Porn is Terrifying". Highsnobiety. 2018-02-20. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
  3. ↑ Roettgers, Janko (2018-02-21). "Porn Producers Offer to Help Hollywood Take Down Deepfake Videos". Variety. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  4. ↑ "It took us less than 30 seconds to find banned 'deepfake' AI smut on the internet". Retrieved 2018-02-20.
  5. ↑ Kharpal, Arjun (2018-02-08). "Reddit, Pornhub ban videos that use A.I. to superimpose a person's face over an X-rated actor". CNBC. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
  6. ↑ "PornHub, Twitter Ban 'Deepfake' AI-Modified Porn". PCMAG. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
  7. ↑ "Experts fear face swapping tech could start an international showdown". The Outline. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  8. ↑ Roose, Kevin (2018-03-04). "Here Come the Fake Videos, Too". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
  9. ↑ "FakeApp: Finally, a Program that Will Let You Seamlessly Put Donald Trump in Porn!". Reason.com. 2018-01-25. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
  10. ↑ "I'm using AI to face-swap Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos, and I'm really bad at it". The Verge. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
  11. ↑ Thies, Justus (2016). "Face2Face: Real-time Face Capture and Reenactment of RGB Videos". Proc. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), IEEE. Retrieved 2018-02-24.
  12. ↑ AI-Assisted Fake Porn Is Here and We’re All Fucked, Motherboard, 2017-12-11
  13. 1 2 Markus Böhm (2018-02-07), "Deepfakes": Firmen gehen gegen gefälschte Promi-Pornos vor, Spiegel Online
  14. ↑ Call for upskirting bill to include 'deepfake' pornography ban The Guardian
  15. 1 2 3 "Wenn Merkel plötzlich Trumps Gesicht trägt: die gefährliche Manipulation von Bildern und Videos". az Aargauer Zeitung. 2018-02-03.
  16. ↑ Patrick Gensing. "Deepfakes: Auf dem Weg in eine alternative Realität?".
  17. ↑ Romano, Aja (April 18, 2018). "Jordan Peele's simulated Obama PSA is a double-edged warning against fake news". Vox. Retrieved September 10, 2018.
  18. ↑ Britta Bauchmüller, "Fake-App": Mit diesem Programm kann jeder im Porno landen – ob er will oder nicht!, Berliner-Kurier.de
  19. ↑ Eike Kühl (2018-01-26), Künstliche Intelligenz: Auf Fake News folgt Fake Porn, Die Zeit, ISSN 0044-2070
  20. ↑ heise online, Deepfakes: Neuronale Netzwerke erschaffen Fake-Porn und Hitler-Parodien
  21. ↑ Farquhar, Peter (2018-08-27). "An AI program will soon be here to help your deepfake dancing - just don't call it deepfake". Business Insider Australia. Retrieved 2018-08-27.
  22. ↑ "Deepfakes for dancing: you can now use AI to fake those dance moves you always wanted". The Verge. Retrieved 2018-08-27.
  23. ↑ Künstliche Intelligenz: Selfies sind eine gute Quelle, Die Zeit, 2018-01-26, ISSN 0044-2070
  24. ↑ „Deepfake“ - FakeApp kann Personen in Pornos austauschen – Welche Rechte haben Geschädigte?, WILDE BEUGER SOLMECKE Rechtsanwälte, 2018-02-02
  25. ↑ "Pornhub hasn't been actively enforcing its deepfake ban". Engadget. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
  26. ↑ "Pornhub Banned Deepfake Celebrity Sex Videos, But The Site Is Still Full Of Them". BuzzFeed. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
  27. ↑ barbara.wimmer, Deepfakes: Reddit löscht Forum für künstlich generierte Fake-Pornos
  28. ↑ heise online. "Deepfakes: Auch Reddit verbannt Fake-Porn".
  29. ↑ "Reddit verbannt Deepfake-Pornos".
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