Day-fine

A day-fine, day fine, unit fine or structured fine is a unit of fine payment that, above a minimum fine, is based on the offender's daily personal income. A crime is punished with incarceration for a determined number of days, or with fines. As incarceration is a financial punishment, in the effect of preventing work, a day-fine represents one day incarcerated and without salary. It is argued to be just, because if both high-income and low-income population are punished with the same jail time, they should also be punished with a proportionally similar income loss. An analogy may be drawn with income tax, which is also proportional to the income, even progressively.

Jurisdictions employing the day-fine include Finland (Finnish: päiväsakko), Estonia (Estonian: päevamäär), Sweden (Swedish: dagsbot), Denmark (Danish: dagbøde), Germany (German: Tagessatz), Switzerland, and Macao.

Distribution

Unit fine systems are common and standard in many jurisdictions across the world, notably in Fenno-Scandinavia, where it originated in 1921 in Finland, and in Commonwealth countries such as Australia and New Zealand.

Finland

Both police and the Finnish Border Guard can make a formal demand for fining a person or order a petty fine.

In Finland, the day-fine system is used for most crimes that are punishable by way of a fine. The system has been in use since 1921.[1][2] Most minor infractions are punished with a fixed petty fine (rikesakko, ordningsbot) such as minor traffic and water traffic violations, littering, and breaches of public peace.[3] A petty fine is summarily ordered by the police officer if the suspect does not contest his guilt, but the person punished may contest the fine in a district court.[4]

Finnish prosecutors have considerable judicial power in deciding fines. Here, prosecutors are arriving at a court of law.

Most infractions are punishable with a day-fine. For crimes warranting no more than six months in prison, the fine may be summarily ordered by the prosecutor if the suspect does not want the court to handle the case. The process of ordering a day fine is started by a police officer who makes a formal demand for the suspect to be fined. The suspect has one week to contest the demand. If the suspect does not contest the demand, the prosecutor may order a fine which may not be higher than demanded by the police officer. If the suspect contests the demand, the case may be taken to the district court if the prosecutor considers the suspect guilty. If the prosecutor considers the case to merit a term in prison or a higher fine, the case is always taken to the court.[5] If the prosecution or the injured party do not demand a higher punishment than a fine, the district court has a quorum with a single member.[6] The fine is paid to the bank using a giro.[7] A fine ordered in Finland is executable in any European Union member country.[8]

A Finnish fine consists of a minimum of 1 day-fine, up to a maximum of 120 day-fines. If several crimes are punished together, 240 day-fines may be sentenced. The fines may not be sentenced together with a prison sentence, unless the prison sentence is probational. The minimum amount of a day-fine is 6 euros. Usually, the day-fine is one half of daily disposable income. The daily disposable income is considered to be one 60th part of the person's monthly mean income during the year, after taxes, social security payments and a basic living allowance of €255 per month have been deducted. In addition, every person for whose upkeep the fined person is responsible decreases the amount of daily fine by €3. The income of the person is calculated on the basis of the latest taxation data.[9][10] For speeding in traffic, however, the fine is at least as high as the petty fine, i.e. €115.[11]

The person who is punished with a fine is responsible for giving accurate information concerning their income. Lying about one's income (Finnish: sakkovilppi, Swedish: bötesfusk) is a crime punishable with a fine or up to three months in prison.[12] The police can, however, access the taxation data of Finnish citizens and permanent residents via a real-time datalink, so the chance of lying successfully is minor. There is no maximum day-fine, which may lead to considerably high fines for high-income persons. For example, in 2001, a Finnish businessman with a yearly income of 10 million euros, received a relatively mild punishment of six day-fines, amounting €26,000, for driving though a red traffic light.[13][14] In 2009 a businessman was fined €112,000 for travelling at 82 kilometres per hour in an area with a speed limit of 60 kilometres per hour.[15] As speeding is punished with a petty fine if the offender is exceeding the speed limit by up to 20 km/h, but with a day-fine if exceeding the limit by 21 km/h or more, the monetary amount of the fine can increase from €115 to over €100,000 although the actual change in speed is less than 1 km/h. This has given rise to some criticism, most vividly expressed by a Finnish member of parliament, avid motorist Klaus Bremer and other MPs of right-wing parties.[16]

The fines are subject to recovery proceedings. If the fines are still not paid, the court may convert them to a prison sentence. Three day-fines will be converted to one day of imprisonment, ignoring the remainder for any amount of day-fines not divisible by three, and the length of the sentence must be between 4 and 60 days. This "conversion punishment" (Finnish: muuntorangaistus, Swedish: förvandlingsstraff) is only ever applied to court-ordered fines, not those issued by police.

India

Day fines are a concept to which little thought has been given in India. Undeniably, prisons are overcrowded and disproportionately represent religious minorities and socio-economically vulnerable castes and tribal groups. It is however unclear how much of this is due to fines. The IPC provides some safeguards on imposing fines such as monetary caps on fines for some offences and stringent limits for imprisonment for non-payment of fines. Where no upper monetary caps are specified, the IPC does not gives courts discretion to impose fines which are “unlimited” but not “excessive”. While specific fine amounts would require to be done away with in the text of the IPC, several underlying actions would need to be done before pressing day fines into service. [17]

Macao

Article 45 of the Penal Code (Chinese: 刑法典, Portuguese: Código Penal) specifies that a criminal fine (Chinese: 罰金, Portuguese: pena de multa) shall normally be at least 10 days and at most 360 days. One day-fine costs at least 50 Macanese patacas and at most 10,000 patacas. A court of law imposes the fine based on the economic and financial situations and personal burdens of a convict.[18]

United Kingdom

England and Wales experimented with the system for a short period from 1992 to 1993. It was unpopular with both magistrates and the general public, and was soon abandoned.[19][20] The scheme was replaced by requirements that magistrates consider an offender's means when imposing a fine, just not according to a mathematical formula.[20]

United States

The New York Times reported on an experience with day fines which took place in 1988 in Staten Island, which was a partnership between the local courts and District Attorney, and the Vera Institute of Justice.[21]

References

  1. ↑ Law 130/1921
  2. ↑ Suzanne Daley (April 25, 2015). "Speeding in Finland Can Cost a Fortune, if You Already Have One". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-04-26. In fact, the Finnish “day fine” system, also in use in some other Scandinavian countries, dates to the 1920s, when fines based on income were instituted for all manner of lesser crimes, such as petty theft and assault, and helped greatly reduce the prison population.
  3. ↑ Criminal Code (Rikoslaki 39/1889) Chapter 2a, 9 §] Retrieved 9-27-2007 (in Finnish)
  4. ↑ Laki rikesakkomenettelystä, 6§ and 12 §. Retrieved 9-27-2007 (in Finnish)
  5. ↑ Laki rangaistusmääräysmenettelystä (692/1992) Retrieved 9-27-2007 (in Finnish)
  6. ↑ Oikeudenkäymiskaari (4/1734), Chapter 2, 6 §. Retrieved 9-27-2007. (in Finnish)
  7. ↑ Oikeusrekisterikeskus. Täytäntöönpano- ja perintäasiat. Retrieved 9-27-2007. (in Finnish)
  8. ↑ Oikeusrekisterikeskus. EU-sakkojen täytäntöönpano. Retrieved 9-27-2007. (in Finnish)
  9. ↑ Rikoslaki (39/1889), Chapter 2a. Retrieved 27-9-2007 (in Finnish)
  10. ↑ Asetus päiväsakon rahamäärästä, 2-3§. Retrieved 27-9-2007. (in Finnish)
  11. ↑ Asetus päiväsakon rahamäärästä, 7§. Retrieved 27-9-2007. (in Finnish)
  12. ↑ Rikoslaki (39/1889), Chapter 16, 6 §. Retrieved 9-27-2007. (in Finnish)
  13. ↑ Nokian Ala-Pietilän 208000 markan sakot voivat vielä nousta Iltasanomat 11-9-2001. Retrieved 9-27-2001. (in Finnish)
  14. ↑ Nokian toimitusjohtaja sai jättisakot. Iltasanomat 9-13-2007. Retrieved 9-27-2001. (in Finnish)
  15. ↑ Businessman fined nearly EUR 112,000 for speeding in Eastern Finland Helsingin Sanomat 6.3.2009. Retrieved 6.3.2009. (in English)
  16. ↑ Täysistunnon pöytäkirja PTK 73/2000 vp (The minutes of the plenary session of Finnish parliament, PTK 73/2000 vp.) Retrieved 9-27-2007. (in Finnish) Archived June 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  17. ↑ Karan Dinesh Singh, Rawat. "Day Fine System in Indian Criminal Justice System ??". ABC Live. ABC Live. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  18. ↑ Penal Code of Macao in traditional Chinese and Portuguese. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
  19. ↑ Summary Justice Review Committee
  20. 1 2 "Fine plans echo 1991 Tory policy". BBC. London. January 14, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  21. ↑ "Criminal Fines, by the Day". The New York Times. New York. August 29, 1988. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
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