Daughter language
In historical linguistics, a daughter language or son language, also known as offspring language, is a language descended from another language through a process of genetic descent. Strictly speaking, the metaphor of the mother-daughter relationship can lead to misconceptualization of language history, as daughter languages are normally direct continuations of earlier stages, not separate entities in any way "born" to a mother who eventually dies.
Examples
- English is a daughter language of Proto-Germanic, which is a daughter language of Proto-Indo-European.
- The languages of Italian and French are daughter languages of (Vulgar) Latin, which is a daughter language of Proto-Italic, which is a daughter language of Proto-Indo-European.
- Afrikaans is a daughter language of Dutch, which is a daughter language of Proto-Germanic, which is a daughter language of Proto-Indo-European.
- Chavacano is a daughter language of Spanish, which is a daughter language of (Vulgar) Latin, which is a daughter language of Proto-Italic, which is a daughter language of Proto-Indo-European.
- Hindi is a daughter language of Sanskrit (Prakrit), which is a daughter language of Proto-Indo-Aryan, which is a daughter language of Proto-Indo-Iranian, which is a daughter language of Proto-Indo-European.
- Modern Hebrew is a daughter language of Biblical Hebrew, which is a daughter language of Canaanite, which is a daughter language of Proto-Semitic, which is a daughter language of Proto-Afroasiatic.
- Maltese is a daughter language of Arabic, more specifically Siculo-Arabic, an extinct dialect of Arabic once spoken in Sicily, Italy. It is also the only Semitic language to be written in the Latin alphabet.
- Norwegian Bokmål is a daughter language of Danish, which is a daughter language of Old Norse, which is a daughter language of Proto-Germanic, which is a daughter language of Proto-Indo-European.
- Tajik is a daughter language of Persian, which is a daughter language of Proto-Iranian, which is a daughter language of Proto-Indo-Iranian, which is a daughter language of Proto-Indo-European.
- The languages of Hiligaynon and Cebuano are daughter languages of Proto-Visayan, which is a daughter language of Proto-Philippine, which is a daughter language of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, which is a daughter language of Proto-Austronesian.
See also
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