Darmiya language

Darma
	Darmiya
Region	Uttarakhand Dharchula and nepal Daarchula
Native speakers	1,750 (2006)[2]
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Kanauri ? West Himalayish Almora Darma; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	drd
Glottolog	darm1243[3]

Darmiya (Darma) is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in the Darma valley, Dharchula Tehsil, Pithoragarh District of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It is one of the fifteen tribes, as stated in undivided Uttar Pradesh 1[THE CONSTITUTION (SCHEDULED TRIBES) (UTTAR PRADESH) ORDER, 1967 (C.O. 78) in clause (1) of article 342 of the Constitution of India. Majorly it is called Bhotia; Bhotia is the broad term used in Himalayan region: several communities and languages are considered under this term. This tribal language is the member of west Tibeto-Burman language family in the Himalayan region of Uttaranchal. It is related to Rangkas, Chaudangsi, and Byangsi.^[1] Alternate names for this language include Darma, Darma Lwo, Darma-Lwo, Darmani, Saukas, and Shaukas.^[1]

At first Darmiya Language was discovered by Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India, after so many scholar did his great contribution regards in this Language like Krishnamurti, Cristina Wills, Professor K. Srikumar, Prof. Kavita Rastogi and his scholars Ashish Kumar Pandey and vishnu singh from Lucknow University is documenting this language by the help of CIIL India. Darmiya language have 34 phonemes in which 8 vowels and 28 consonants have occurred, there are five long vowels and three short vowels.

Geographical distribution

Darmiya is spoken in the Dhauli valley, from Tawaghat near Dharchula south to Sipoo in the north along Dhauli river. This area is located in Darchula and Munsyari tahsils, Pithoragarh district, Uttarakhand, India (Ethnologue). Darmiya is spoken in Dar, Bongling, Selachal, Nanglin, Baling, Dugtu, Saung, Baun, Philam, Datu, Gwo, Marchha, Dhakar, Sobla, and Sipoo villages (Ethnologue).

Phonology

The Darmiya language contains the following consonant phonemes:^[4]

Consonants
		Bilabial		Dental		Alveolar	Postalveolar		Palatal	Retroflex		Velar
		plain	aspirated	plain	aspirated	Alveolar	plain	aspirated	Palatal	plain	aspirated	plain	aspirated
Stop	voiceless	p	pʰ	t̪	t̪ʰ	t͡s				ʈ	ʈʰ	k	kʰ
Stop	voiced	b		d̪					ɟ	ɖ	ɖʰ	g	gʰ
Fricative	voiceless					s						x
Fricative	voiced								ʝ
Affricate							t͡ʃ	t͡ʃʰ
Nasal		m		n̪					ɲ	ɳ		ŋ
Approximant						l			j
Rhotic						r				ɽ

The language contains the following vowels:^[4]

Vowels
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-Mid	e		o
Mid		ɘ
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Open			ɑ

References

1 2 "Darmiya". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
↑ "Darmiya". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2018-08-05.
↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Darmiya". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
1 2 Ramaswami, N (2014). Moran, Steven; McCloy, Daniel; Wright, Richard, eds. "Darmiya sound inventory (RA)". phoible.org. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Retrieved 2017-02-10.

2. Willis, Christina Marie. A descriptive grammar of Darma: an endangered Tibeto-Burman language.—University of Texas, 2007.

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[:0-1] 1 2 "Darmiya". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2017-02-10.

[2] "Darmiya". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2018-08-05.

[Glottolog-3] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Darmiya". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[:1-4] 1 2 Ramaswami, N (2014). Moran, Steven; McCloy, Daniel; Wright, Richard, eds. "Darmiya sound inventory (RA)". phoible.org. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Retrieved 2017-02-10.