Daijō Tennō

Daijō Tennō or Dajō Tennō (both accepted readings of 太上天皇) is the title for a Japanese Emperor who abdicated in favor of a successor. The term is often shortened to Jōkō (上皇).

As defined in the Taihō Code, although retired, a Daijō Tennō could still exert power. The first such example is the Empress Jitō in the 7th century. A retired emperor sometimes entered the Buddhist monastic community, becoming a cloistered emperor. This practice was rather common during the Heian period.

The last Jōkō was Emperor Kōkaku (1779–1817).

When Emperor Akihito abdicates on 30 April 2019 he will become the first Jōkō in two centuries. However whether the Jōkō title is an abbreviation of Daijō Tennō is not stipulated in the special law on the abdication.

List

A total of 62 Japanese emperors abdicated. An incomplete list follows:

Jitō

Prince Kusabake was named as crown prince to succeed Empress Jitō, but he died at a young age. Kusabake's son, Prince Karu, was then named as Jitō's successor. He eventually would become known as Emperor Monmu.[1]

In 697, Jitō abdicated in Mommu's favor; as a retired sovereign, she took the post-reign title daijō-tennō. After this, her imperial successors who retired took the same title after abdication.[2]

Jitō continued to hold power as a cloistered ruler, which became a persistent trend in Japanese politics. She died four years later at the age of 58.[3]

Gemmei

Gemmei had initially planned to remain on the throne until her grandson might reach maturity. However, in 715, Gemmei did abdicate in favor of Mommu's older sister who then became known as Empress Genshō. Genshō was eventually succeeded by her younger brother, who then became known as Emperor Shōmu.

  • 715 (Wadō 8): Gemmei resigns as empress in favor of her daughter, who will be known as Empress Genshō.[4]

The empress reigned for eight years. After abdicating, she was known as Daijō-tennō; and she was only the second woman after Empress Jitō to claim this title. Gemmei lived in retirement until her death at the age of 61.[5]

Reizei

  • Anna 2 969: Reizei abdicated; and he took the honorific title of Reizei-in Jōkō. His reign lasted for just two years; and he lived another 44 years in retirement.[6]
  • Kankō 8, 24th day of the 10th month (1011): Daijō-tennō Reizei-in Jōkō died at age 62.[7]

Go-Sanjō

  • Kankō 8, on the 13th day of the 6th month (1011): In the 25th year of Emperor Ichijō's reign (一条天皇25年), the emperor abdicated; and the succession (senso) was received by his cousin. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Sanjō is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui) at age 36.[8]
  • Kankō 8, 22nd day of the 6th month (1011): Daijō-tennō Emperor Ichijō died at the age of 32.[9]

Shirakawa

  • Ōtoku 3, on the 26th day of the 11th month (1084): Emperor Shirakawa formally abdicated,[10] and he took the title Daijō Tennō.[11] Shirakawa had personally occupied the throne for 14 years; and for the next 43 years, he would exercise broad powers in what will come to be known as cloistered rule.[12]

Emperor Go-Sanjō had wished for Shirakawa's younger half-brother to succeed him to the throne. In 1085, this half-brother died of an illness; and Shirakawa's own son, Taruhito became Crown Prince. On the same day that Taruhito was proclaimed as his heir, Shirakawa abdicated; and Taruhito became Emperor Horikawa. The now-retired Emperor Shirakawa was the first to attempt what became customary cloistered rule. He exercised power, ruling indirectly from the Shirakawa-in ("White River Mansion/Temple"); nevertheless, nominal sesshō and kampaku offices continued to exist for a long time.

  • Kanji 1, in the 5th month (1087): Daijō Tennō Shirakawa retired himself to Uji.[13]

Toba

  • Eiji 1, in the 3rd month (1141): The former emperor Toba accepted the tonsure and became a Buddhist monk at the age of 39 years.[14]
  • Eiji 1, on the 7th day of the 12th month (永治元年; 1141): In the 18th year of Sutoku-tennō's reign (崇徳天皇18年), the emperor abdicated; and the succession (senso) was received by a younger brother, the 8th son of former Emperor Toba. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Konoe is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).[15]

At that time, Fujiwara-no Tadamichi became sesshō (imperial regent). The Cloistered Emperor Toba continued to direct all the affairs of government, while the retired Emperor Sutoku had no powers. This conflict resulted in many controversies during Konoe's reign.[16]

Go-Hanazono

Emperor Go-Hanazono abdicated in 1464, but not long afterwards, the Ōnin War (応仁の乱, Ōnin no Ran) broke out; there were no further abdications until 1586, when Emperor Ōgimachi passed the throne to his grandson, Emperor Go-Yōzei. This was due to the disturbed state of the country; and the fact that there was neither a house for an ex-emperor nor money to support him or it.[17]

Go-Sakuramachi

In the history of Japan, Empress Go-Sakuramachi was the last of eight women to take on the role of empress regnant. The seven female monarchs who reigned before Go-Sakuramachi were Suiko, Kōgyoku (Saimei), Jitō, Genmei, Genshō, Kōken (Shōtoku), and Meishō.

She reigned from 15 September 1762 to 9 January 1771 and died on Christmas eve, 1813.

Kōkaku

Prior to the start of the third millennium the last emperor to become a jōkō was Kōkaku in 1817. He later created an kerfuffle called the "Songo incident" (the "respectful title incident"). The jōkō disputed with the Tokugawa Shogunate about his intention to give a title of Abdicated Emperor (Daijō-tennō) to his father, who was Imperial Prince Sukehito.[18]

He died on December 11, 1840.

Abdication during the Empire of Japan

Emperor Komei and the Shōgun

Commodore Matthew C. Perry and his squadron of what the Japanese dubbed "the Black Ships", sailed into the harbor at Edo (now known as Tokyo) in July 1853. Perry sought to open Japan to trade, and warned the Japanese of military consequences if they did not agree.[19] During the crisis brought on by Perry's arrival, the Shogunate took, for the first time in at least 250 years, the highly unusual step of consulting with the Imperial Court, and Emperor Kōmei's officials advised that they felt the Americans should be allowed to trade and asked that they be informed in advance of any steps to be taken upon Perry's return.[20] Feeling at a disadvantage against Western powers, the Japanese government allowed trade and submitted to the "Unequal Treaties", giving up tariff authority and the right to try foreigners in its own courts.[19] The Shogunate's willingness to consult with the Court was short-lived: in 1858, word of a treaty arrived with a letter stating that due to shortness of time, it had not been possible to consult. Emperor Kōmei was so incensed that he threatened to abdicate—though even this action would have required the consent of the shōgun.[21]

The Constitution on Abdication

Emperor Meiji wished to allow a clause codifying the right to abdicate and the formal institution of Daijō Tennō in the Meiji Constitution. The Prime Minister refused, stating that the Emperor should be above politics, and that past Daijō Tennō had most definitely opposite.

Emperor Taishō and the regency

In 1921, it became clear that Emperor Taishō was mentally incapacitated. In the former days, he would be forced to abdicate, but he was left in place and Crown Prince Hirohito was made regent (Sesshō).

Revival of the title

Emperor Akihito

The special law authorizing the abdication of Emperor Akihito on 30 April 2019 provides that the title of Jōkō will be revived for him. In this case, Jōkō will be the only formal title. The former formal title Daijō Tennō will not be revived due to constitutional concerns.

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Varley, H. Paul . (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, p. 137.
  2. ↑ Varley, p. 137.
  3. ↑ Varley, p. 137; Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, p. 270.
  4. ↑ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, pp. 64-65.
  5. ↑ Varley, p. 140.
  6. ↑ Brown, p. 298.
  7. ↑ Titsingh, p. 155; Brown, p. 306; Varley, p. 190.
  8. ↑ Titsingh, p. 154; Brown, p. 307; Varley, p. 44. [A distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Go-Murakami.]
  9. ↑ Brown, p. 306.
  10. ↑ Brown, p. 316.
  11. ↑ Titsingh, p. 171.
  12. ↑ Varley, p. 202
  13. ↑ Titsingh, p. 172.
  14. ↑ Titsingh, p. 185.
  15. ↑ Titsingh, p. 186; Brown, p. 324; Varley, p. 44.
  16. 1 2 Titsingh, p. 186.
  17. ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). Kyoto: the Old Capital, 794-1869, pp. 340-341.
  18. ↑ ...Sakuramachiden Gyokozu: information in caption text Archived 2008-01-19 at the Wayback Machine.
  19. 1 2 Gordon 2009, pp. 50–51.
  20. ↑ Keene 2002, p. 18.
  21. ↑ Keene 2002, pp. 39–41.

Bibliography

  • Brown, Delmer and Ichiro Ishida, eds. (1979). [Jien (1221)], Gukanshō; "The Future and the Past: a translation and study of the 'Gukanshō,' an interpretive history of Japan written in 1219" translated from the Japanese and edited by Delmer M. Brown & Ichirō Ishida. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03460-0
  • Ponsonby-Fane, Richard A. B. (1956). Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869. Kyoto: The Ponsonby Memorial Society.
  • Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō (1652)], Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.--Click for digitized, full-text copy of this book (in French)
  • Varley, H. Paul, ed. (1980). [Kitabatake Chikafusa (1359)], Jinnō Shōtōki ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley). New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-04940-4
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