Cyclopropane fatty acid

Examples of mycolic acids, a class of mono- and dicyclopropane fatty acids found in the cell wall of the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Cyclopropane fatty acids (CPA) are a subgroup of fatty acids that contain a cyclopropane group.[1] Although they are usually rare, the seed oil from lychee contains nearly 40% CPAs in the form of triglycerides.[2]


Biosynthesis

CPAs are derived from unsaturated fatty acids by cyclopropanation. The methylene donor is a methyl group on S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). The conversion is catalyzed by cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase.[3] The mechanism is proposed to involve transfer of a CH3+ group from SAM to the alkene, followed by deprotonation of the newly attached methyl group and ring closure.[4]

Cyclopropene fatty acids

malvalic acid, a cyclopropene fatty acid

Cyclopropene fatty acids are even rarer than CPAs. The best-known examples are malvalic acid and sterculic acid. Sterculic acid as its triglyceride is present in sterculia oils and at low levels in kapok seed oil (~12%), cottonseed oil (~1%), and in the seeds of the tree Sterculia foetida (~65-78%). These acids are highly reactive but the cyclopropene ring is destroyed during refining and hydrogenation of the oils. They have attracted interest because they reduce levels of the enzyme stearoyl-CoA 9-desaturase (SCD), which catalyzes the biodesaturation of stearic acid to oleic acid.[5]

References

  1. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-12-17. Retrieved 2015-02-02.
  2. ↑ Gaydou, E. M.; Ralaimanarivo, A.; Bianchini, J. P. "Cyclopropanoic Fatty-Acids of Litchi (Litchi-Chinensis) Seed Oil - a Reinvestigation" J. Agr. Food Chem. 1993, vol. 41, pp. 886-890. doi:10.1021/jf00030a009
  3. ↑ Grogan DW, Cronan JE Jr: Cyclopropane ring formation in membrane lipids of bacteria" Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997, vol. 61, pp. 429-441. http://mmbr.asm.org/content/61/4/429.full.pdf+html
  4. ↑ Ludger A. Wessjohann and Wolfgang Brandt, Thies Thiemann "Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Cyclopropane Rings in Natural Compounds" Chem. Rev., 2003, volume 103, pp 1625–1648. doi:10.1021/cr0100188
  5. ↑ Abraham, Samuel (1975). International encyclopedia of pharmacology and therapeutics: Pharmacology of lipid transport and atherosclerotic processes, Volume 1. Pergamon Press. p. 108.










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