Coupe de Ville

1908 Thomas 4-20 town car

Coupe de ville — also known as town car, sedanca de ville or coupé de ville — is a car body style produced from 1908 to 1939 with an external or open-topped driver's position and an enclosed compartment for passengers. Although the different terms may have once had specific meanings for certain car manufacturers or countries, the terms are often used interchangeably.

Some coupe de villes have the passengers separated from the driver in a fully enclosed compartment, while others have a canopy for the passengers and no partition between the driver and the passengers (therefore passengers enter the compartment via driver's area).

Origin

Coupé carriage

The concept of a separate, exposed area for the driver dates back to the horse-drawn carriages in medieval Europe. In order to identify incoming guests at court as friendly, it was necessary for the host to be able to identify the livery of the visiting guests' coachman from a distance. To enable the coachman to be identifiable, he was hence placed high up and in the open.[1]

The term "coupé de ville" came into existence in the 19th century before the invention of the automobile. The initial usage of the term was for a variant of the coupé carriage that is very similar to the British clarence carriage.[2]

The term "de ville" is French for "for town"[3] and indicates that the vehicle is for use in town or for short distances. When added to the end of a body style (saloon, coupé, landaulet, etc.), "de Ville" indicated that the top over the driver's compartment could be folded away, retracted, or otherwise removed.[4] As a vehicle for town use, the coupé de ville usually had no facilities for carrying luggage.[5]

Design

1925 Hispano-Suiza Type H.6 with collapsible rear compartment roof, also called a Landaulet

Early cars had the driver was fully exposed to the weather with no cover, no doors, and sometimes no windshield,[3]. As speed and distances travelled increased, windshields were added to protect the driver from dirt from the unpaved roads and dung from draught animals. Later models also included doors to the driving compartment.

Early roofs for the driver's area were made of a single-skin of leather without any structural support, and were held in place between the passenger compartment and the windshield by poppers to allow for easy removal or rollback when the weather allowed.[6] From the late 1920s onward designs used a metal two-skin roof which regressed into a void above the passenger compartment, either manually or electrically.[7]

Due to its use as a chauffeured vehicle, the passenger compartment was normally luxurious,[6] clad in the best materials, with seating for between two and most often up to six or occasionally eight persons, made of the finest cotton or silk adorned with brocade. The same material was also most often used to provide complete curtain coverage for the compartment, and was matched by substantial carpet and fine inlaid woodwork. The drivers compartment had leather seats to be durable enough to endure the weather. The division between the two compartments often held jump seats for lighter passengers such as children, and it would often accommodate various compartments for drinks, cigars, make-up, or books.

Some versions have a partition between the driver and the passengers. These partitions often had a small slide-back glass window, or were completely made of glass with a manual or electric winding system. The passengers could speak to the driver through a communications tube,[6] or, from the 1920s, through an electrical device similar to an telephone. Some designs included a switch panel in the rear passenger compartment, which contained a speedometer and switches to impart the most common instructions to the driver via a lighted dashboard panel, such as "stop", "left", "right", or "home".

Variants

Town car / town brougham

In the United States, a coupe de ville with rear doors for the passenger area, no roof or sides for the driver's area, and a partition between the passengers and the driver[8] was referred to as a "town car" or "town brougham".[6][9] Town cars normally had side windows in the doors only.[10]. The name "town car" is an Anglicized version of "de Ville".[3]

Sedanca coupé

In the United Kingdom, a coupé de ville with a fixed or folding roof over the rear seats and open front seats was referred to as a "sedanca coupé".[11]. A sedanca coupé may or may not have had some kind of roof for the driver's area.[12]

Sedanca / Sedanca de ville

Rolls-Royce Phantom III Sedanca de Ville

The terms sedanca and sedanca de ville were introduced by Spanish nobleman Count Carlos de Salamanca, the Spanish distributor for Rolls-Royce, in 1923.[11][13] The strict definition of a sedanca includes a locker for the cant rails and canopy that form the roof; this was introduced by Count de Salamanca in his original sedanca.[11]

Usage of these terms in the United Kingdom is unclear. According to once source, "sedanca de ville" refers to a town car variant, and "sedanca" refers to a sedanca coupe.[12] According to another source, sedanca de ville is a redundant term and sedanca refers to a town car.[11]

Coupé de ville

In France, Germany and Italy, the term "coupé de ville" was used for both the town car and sedanca coupe variants. [8]

In the United States, the similar term "coupe de ville" is used for the Sedanca Coupe.[14] A coupé de ville is alternatively defined in North America as a drophead coupé with a three-position top which may be fully closed, fully open, or partially closed, leaving rear passengers covered.[15]

Cabriolet-Victoria

In the United Kingdom, a sedanca-style drophead coupé with three-position folding top (fully open, covering the rear passengers only, or fully closed) is called a "cabriolet victoria".[11] This variant is defined as a coupe de ville in the United States.[15]

Coupé chauffeur

Minerva AK-32 CV

French variant similar to the town car with a small passenger compartment.[5]

Coupé limousine

Bugatti 41 Coupé Napoleon

French variant similar to the coupé chauffeur but with a longer passenger compartment capable of holding up to seven passengers, with up to three on jump seats usually facing forward.[16] The style was referred to in the United States as a limousine town car and in Britain as a limousine de ville.[17] The term Coupé Napoleon was also used to describe a Bugatti Royale body of the type.

Brougham

Peugeot Type 27

The term is derived from the brougham carriage. In strict terms, a brougham would have a sharply squared rear end of the roof and a forward-curving body line at the base of the front of the passenger enclosure. The term degraded during the twentieth century.[18]

Manufacturer

Europe

Due to its high-end luxurious form, bespoke commissioning and resultant design nature, and final high cost, coupés de ville of both types were hand-built in small numbers. The cars were almost always made as individual ("Full Custom"), or in a small edition with individual equipment ("semi-custom").

In France, Audineau et Cie., Mulbacher and Rothschild became known for such works.[19]

In the United Kingdom, the style was applied to numerous chassis by the various specialist coachwork builders, but it is most often associated via the 4-door Sedanca de Ville variant with Rolls-Royce motor cars, and the 2-door sporting Sedanca variant with Bentleys. Coachbuilders included Barker,[20] Hooper, H. J. Mulliner and Park Ward.

North America

Bespoke

Due to its historic and luxurious connections, the term found early favour amongst many North America automobile manufacturers. Manufacturers included Brewster & Co. (especially for Rolls-Royce, Packard and its own chassis), LeBaron and Rollston.

In 1922, Edsel Ford had a Lincoln built with a town car body for his father's personal use.[21]

Seeking publicity and building on his work with Studebaker, Raymond Loewy had two Lincoln Continentals altered to coupés de ville in 1946 using a removable plexiglas cover over the chauffeur.[22]

Production

Cadillac town car, 1940

Ford introduced a town car body to its Model A line in December 1928.[23] Designed by LeBaron and designated the 140-A,[24] the Model A town car was sold until early 1930.[25] 1,065 Model A town cars were built by the end of production in 1930.[26]

In 1940 and 1941, a limited edition model of the Cadillac Sixty Special carried the Town Car name. It was reintroduced as a coupe hardtop in 1949 using the French name for the body style Coupe DeVille and in 1956 as a four-door hardtop called the Sedan DeVille.

Current use as model name

1950 Cadillac Coupe De Ville
2003-2003 Lincoln Town Car

Production of cars with the coupe de ville body style ceased in 1939. However, car manufacturers in the United States have continued to release models called coupe de ville, sedanca de ville and town car despite the cars having other body styles;[27] for example the 1959 Lincoln Continental Town Car has a sedan body style.

See also

  • Landaulet—the opposite with the rear convertible and the front closed. Landaulets de ville, or town landaulets, were similar to sedancas de ville but with folding tops on the passenger enclosure instead of fixed tops.
  • Targa top also known in the United Kingdom as a Surrey Top.[28] Removable panel over the front seats, while the back of the top is usually fixed.

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Roßfeldt 1999.
  2. ↑ Stratton 1878, pp. 242–243.
  3. 1 2 3 Haajanen 2003, p. 60.
  4. ↑ Beattie 1977, p. 18.
  5. 1 2 Haajanen 2003, p. 55.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Town car – Coachbuilt 2004
  7. ↑ de Ville extension – Coachbuilt 2004
  8. 1 2 Haajanen 2003, pp. 55–56.
  9. ↑ Georgano 1971, p. 217.
  10. ↑ Haajanen 2003, p. 148.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Haajanen 2003, p. 121.
  12. 1 2 Culshaw & Horrobin 2013, p. 483.
  13. ↑ Beattie 1977, p. 57.
  14. ↑ Coupe de Ville – Coachbuilt 2004
  15. 1 2 Gove 1966, p. 521.
  16. ↑ Haajanen 2003, p. 57.
  17. ↑ Haajanen 2003, p. 58.
  18. ↑ Haajanen 2003, pp. 24–27.
  19. ↑ "Car of the Month - December 99". www.rrab.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  20. ↑ "For Sale: 1925 Rolls-Royce Phantom I". www.classiccars.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  21. ↑ "About Lincoln". Dearborn, MI USA: Ford Motor Company. The Roaring '20s. Archived from the original on 2010-06-18. One of the most famous custom-built cars that came out of Edsel Ford's leadership was the 1922 Lincoln Town Car, which was built for Henry Ford himself. Town Car derived its name from its body styling, which featured an open chauffeur's compartment and enclosed passenger compartment.
  22. ↑ Adler 2007, pp. 144–146.
  23. ↑ Gunnell 2007, p. 27.
  24. ↑ Schild 2009, p. 33.
  25. ↑ Schild 2009, p. 83.
  26. ↑ Gunnell 2007, p. 32.
  27. ↑ Introduction – Coachbuilt 2004
  28. ↑ Elliott 2007, pp. 104–105.

Sources

  • Adler, Dennis (2007). Speed and Luxury: The Great Cars. St. Paul MN: Motorbooks. ISBN 978-0-7603-2960-3.
  • Beattie, Ian (1977). The Complete Book of Automobile Body Design. Yeovil, UK: The Haynes Publishing Group. ISBN 0854292179.
  • "Coach Building Terminology". Coachbuilt.com. Coachbuilt.com. 2004. Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-06-08.
  • Culshaw, David; Horrobin, Peter (2013) [1974]. "Appendix 5 - Coachwork styles". The complete catalogue of British Cars 1895 - 1975 (Paperback ed.). Poundbury, Dorchester, UK: Veloce Publishing. p. 483. ISBN 978-1-874105-93-0. Retrieved 2013-12-06. Sedanca A version of the Coupe style, with the rear seat covered by a fixed roof. The front seats are open, but occasionally covered by a sliding panel. Dummy hood irons are sometimes in evidence, as are fixed (occasionally circular) side windows.
  • Elliott, James (March 2007). Elliott, James, ed. "The Magic Numbers". Classic & Sports Car. Teddington, Middlesex, UK: Haymarket Publishing. 25 (12): 100–109. ISSN 0263-3183.
  • Georgano, G. N., ed. (1971). "Glossary". Encyclopedia of American Automobiles. New York, NY USA: E. P. Dutton. p. 217. ISBN 0-525-097929. LCCN 79147885. Town Car. A body style in which the passenger compartment was closed, but the driver was exposed to the weather. although from the 1920s onward a sliding roof was often provided.
  • Gove, Philip Babcock, ed. (1966). Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. A–K. Springfield, Mass. USA: G & C Merriam. p. 521. ISBN 0-7135-1037-4.
  • Gunnell, John (December 25, 2007). Standard Catalog of Ford (2nd ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 978-0896896154. Retrieved 2015-05-20. A Town Car model was introduced on December 13, 1928, followed during 1929 by a wood-bodied station wagon on April 25.
  • Haajanen, Lennart W. (2003). Illustrated Dictionary of Automobile Body Styles. Illustrations by Bertil Nydén; foreword by Karl Ludvigsen. Jefferson, NC USA: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-1276-3. LCCN 2002014546.
  • Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 1989
  • Roßfeldt, K.-J. (December 1999). "Car of the Month - December 99 Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost, 1920, #24AE, Coupé de Ville by Mulbacher (F)". Rolls-Royce and Bentley Photos, Reports and Books. K.-J. Roßfeldt. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 2014-06-08.
  • Schild, Jim (2009) [2003]. Ford Model A. Minneapolis, MN US: MotorBooks International. ISBN 0-7603-3746-2. LCCN 2009023786. Retrieved 2014-08-23.
  • Stratton, Ezra (1878). World on Wheels. New York: Bloom. ISBN 0-405-09006-4. Retrieved 2014-09-04.
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