Constitutional Court of Guatemala
The Constitutional Court of Guatemala is the highest court for civil law in the Republic of Guatemala. It is tasked with preserving the constitutional order by ruling on questions of the constitutionality of laws or state actions. The Court is normally composed of five titular or primary magistrates who serve five year terms. Each titular magistrate is appointed with a substitute. In special cases two substitutes are added to the bench for a total of seven to hear that case. Each titular member serves for one year as the president of the court.
History
The Court was established by Guatemala's 1985 Constitution.[1] The 1985 Constitution was written after the suspension of the prior constitution as part of Efraín Ríos Montt's Coup d'état on March 23, 1982. His regime suspended the constitution and the subsequent years demonstrated the need for stronger protections and thus a new constitution.
Function
The Guatemalan Constitution lists nine broad functions of the Constitutional Court. These duties serve to check state overreach but not to the same extent as the Supreme Court of the United States. Instead, the Guatemalan Constitutional Court splits final appellate authority with the Supreme Court of Justice of Guatemala. The latter is responsible for reviewing whether a lower court interpreted the law correctly. The Constitutional Court is responsible for deciding whether a law or state action was consistent with the Constitution. Its specific duties are:
- To hear challenges of laws on the grounds of partial or total unconstitutionality.
- To serve as an Extraordinary Tribunal of Amparo for challenges against the Congress, the Supreme Court of Justice, or the President or Vice-President.
- To hear appeals of writs of amparo from other courts.
- To hear appeals of challenges of laws on the grounds of constitutionality.
- To issue an advisory opinion on constitutionality of treaties, agreements, and bills of law.
- To hear and resolve conflicts of jurisdiction in the realm of constitutionality.
- To maintain a jurisprudential bulletin on resolved questions of constitutionality.
- To confirm or reject Executive vetoes alleging unconstitutionality.
- To render opinions on matters under its jurisdiction as defined by the Constitution.
Appointment and Composition
Appointment
The Court is composed of five titular magistrates, each of whom has a designated substitute. When the Court hears cases against the Supreme Court of Justice, the Congress, or the President or Vice-President two substitutes are drawn by lot to hear the case with the main five. Every five years a new set of magistrates are appointed along with new substitutes. Each of the following bodies appoints one set of magistrates: The Supreme Court of Justice, the Congress of the Republic, the President and the Council of Ministers, the Superior University council of the University of San Carlos de Guatemala, and the Assembly of the College of Attorneys and Notaries.[2]
Composition
For the 2016-2021 term the Court is composed of the following members:[3]
| Name | Role | Appointed By |
|---|---|---|
| Gloria Patricia Porras Escobar | Titular Magistrate | Congress of the Republic |
| María de los Ángeles Araujo Bohr | Substitute Magistrate | Congress of the Republic |
| José Francisco De Mata Vela | Titular Magistrate | Superior University council of the University of San Carlos de Guatemala |
| José Mynor Par Usen | Substitute Magistrate | Superior University council of the University of San Carlos de Guatemala |
| Bonerge Amilcar Mejía Orellana | Titular Magistrate | Assembly of the College of Attorneys |
| María Cristina Fernández García | Substitute Magistrate | Assembly of the College of Attorneys |
| Neftaly Aldana Herrera | Titular Magistrate | Supreme Court of Justice |
| María Consuelo Porras Argueta | Substitute Magistrate | Supreme Court of Justice |
| Dina Josefina Ochoa Escribá | Titular Magistrate | President and the Council of Ministers |
| Henry Philip Comte Velásquez | Substitute Magistrate | President and the Council of Ministers |
Notable Cases
Efraín Ríos Montt Trial
The Constitutional Court is best known internationally for overturning the conviction of Efraín Ríos Montt on charges of genocide.[4] The Court ruled 3-2 that his trial did not proceed appropriately and ordered a new process. The majority found that the trial judges erred in expelling Ríos Montt's lawyer during the trial. The dissenting magistrates, Mauro Chacon and Gloria Porras, called the ruling disproportionate.[5] A retrial was delayed by claims of inadequate health. This was the first time a nation tried a former leader domestically for genocide and thus drew significant scholarly and activist attention.
References
- ↑ "Historia De La Cc." http://cc.gob.gt/historia-de-la-cc/.
- ↑ "Constitution of Guatemala with Amendments through 1993." constitutionproject.org, 2012. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Guatemala_1993.pdf
- ↑ "magistrados | Corte de Constitucionalidad". cc.gob.gt (in Spanish). Retrieved 2017-04-07.
- ↑ Press, Associated (2013-05-21). "Guatemala overturns former dictator's genocide conviction". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-04-23.
- ↑ Blake, Jillian. "Should Domestic Courts Prosecute Genocide? Examining the Trial of Efrain Rios Montt." Brooklyn Journal of International Law 39, no. 2 (2014 2014): 564-612.