Common coquí

Common coquí
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Leptodactylidae
Genus: Eleutherodactylus
Subgenus: Eleutherodactylus[2]
Species: E. coqui
Binomial name
Eleutherodactylus coqui
Thomas, 1966

The common coquí or coquí (Eleutherodactylus coqui) is a frog endemic to Puerto Rico belonging to the family Eleutherodactylidae. The species is named for the loud call the males make at night. This sound serves two purposes. "CO" serves to repel males and establish territory while the "KEE" serves to attract females.[3] Since the auditory systems of males and females respond preferentially to different notes of the male call, this is an example of a sex difference in a sensory system. The common coquí is a very important aspect of Puerto Rican culture, and it has become an unofficial territorial symbol of Puerto Rico.

Taxonomy

The common coquí was described by R. Thomas in 1966.[4] It belongs to the genus Eleutherodactylus which in Greek means free toes. This genus contains 185 species, which are found in the Southern United States, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean.

Description

Physical Description

Full-grown male coquís measure, from snout to vent, from 30 to 37 mm, with an average of 34 mm, while full-grown females measure from 36 to 52 mm, with an average of 41 mm. The location of the frog also effects the size, for example the higher the elevation, the larger the coquis become. The size differences between genders are a result of additional energy consumption related to breeding behavior by males.[5]

Coquís are muddy-brown in mottled coloration on the top with rust-tan flanks and a light-gray belly. As tree frogs, Coquís possess sticky pads on the tips of their toes which help them adhere to moistened or slippery surfaces[6] They do not possess webbed feet and are not adapted to swimming.

The known lifespan of the common coquí is up to 6 years in the wild, but majority of adults don’t live past one year.

Behavioral Description

The common coquis are nocturnal and their behavior is influenced by the surrounding environment, specifically the moisture levels. When humidity levels rise at night they emerge and begin climbing to their homes in the canopy. As these humidity levels decrease they move back down to lower levels where the humidity is higher. The younger coqui populations live in the under story on leaves during the drier periods. The leaves are particularly common with this population because they provide protection from invaders. As they grow into adulthood, the coquis journey up to the canopy and begin the process stated above.[7]

Habitat

Native Distribution

Common coquís are native to the islands of Puerto Rico, Vieques and Culebra, where they are widespread and abundant; the only notable exception occurs in Puerto Rican dry forests, where the species is rarer. The common coquí is the most abundant frog in Puerto Rico, with densities estimated at 20,000 individuals/ha.[8] Densities fluctuate depending on the season and habitat. Generally, densities are higher during the latter half of the wet season and decrease during the dry season.[9] The species is considered a habitat generalist, occurring in a wide range of habitats, including mesic broadleaf forests, mountains, and urban areas, found in bromeliads, tree holes, and under trunks, rocks or trash.[10] Since the species does not require bodies of water to reproduce, they can be found on most altitudes, provided sufficient moisture is available. In Puerto Rico, they are found from sea level to a maximum of 1,200 m (3,900 ft). Adults generally tend to be found at higher altitudes than juveniles.

The common coquís are often found in cohabitation with humans. Because of their unrestricted habitat use, it's common that E. coquí can be found in homes and parks. E. coquí are found in natural habitats including the human mountain forest at elevations less than 1,200 meters and in the dry forest. They are found specifically within the under story of forests at all elevations up to the canopy.[11]

Distribution as an Invasive Species

The species has been introduced to the Virgin Islands, the Dominican Republic,[12] Florida, and Hawaii,[13] where it has become a densely populated invasive species. It was accidentally introduced to the Hawaiian Islands in the late 1980s, most likely as a stowaway on potted plants, and quickly established itself on all four major islands. It is now considered a pest species by the State of Hawaii, and is on the list of the world's 100 worst invasive alien species.[14] As an invasive species, it can reach up to 91,000 individuals/ha.[15] Higher densities in its invaded range are likely bolstered by a release from native predators, lack of interspecific competitors, and abundant food availability. In Hawaii, they have been found at a maximum of 1,170 m (3,840 ft) above sea level.[16]

In areas that exceed rates of common coquís greater than 51,000 could consume over 300,000 invertebrates per night. Because of the immense amount of the species, Hawaii has begun to have concerns about both economic and ecological impacts. The common coquí currently costs this state nearly 3 million dollars a year and this spread has been commonly through nursery trades. As a result, many people are reluctant to buy plants from these nurseries due to the risk of infestation, so they began to perform quarantines and de-infestations in order to improve the economy. There has also been an effect in realty because the species have moved from public to residential land causing many to refrain from buying houses where the common coquís have infested.[17]

Diet

The common coquí is a general nocturnal predator, which can consume, as a population, 114,000 invertebrates each night per hectare.[8] Diets vary depending on age and size, but are primarily composed of arthropods. Juveniles consume smaller prey, such as ants, while adults consume more varied diets that include spiders, moths, crickets, snails, and small frogs.[8] The frogs are opportunistic sit-and-wait predators, and will forage on any abundant prey items. Males will occasionally consume eggs from their own clutch, likely to provide supplemental nourishment while guarding their nests.

Calling males eat less prey than quiet males, which consume most of their food by midnight, while calling males had eaten only 18% of their food by the same hour.[18]

Reproduction

Common coquís reproduce over the entire year, but breeding activity peaks around the wet season. Females usually lay between 16 and 40 eggs, four to six times each year, at about eight-week intervals. Eggs are guarded from predators—other common coquís and Subulina snails—by the males.[5] The gestation period of coquís is from 17–26 days. The maturation period, the time from egg to reproductive coquí, is around eight months.

Unlike most frogs, which lay their eggs in water, coquís lay their eggs on palm tree leaves or other terrestrial plants. Abandoned bird nests are also used as nests by E. coqui. The bananaquit, Puerto Rican bullfinch and Puerto Rican tody share nests with the coquí.[16] This method of reproduction allows the coquí to live in forests, mountains and other habitats without direct dependency on water. Since eggs are laid on land, coquís bypass the tadpole stage, proceeding to develop limbs within their eggs, rather than going through a metamorphosis as a larva in water. Thus, a fully independent froglet emerges from the egg, with a small tail that is lost shortly after. This stage of direct development has allowed the coqui to become a successful terrestrial colonizer in tropical areas. Eggs hatch within eight weeks and reach reproductive maturity within one year. The common coqui releases their young from the egg using an egg tooth that the genus Eleutherodactylus forms. Both males and females fight off intruders from their nests by jumping, chasing and sometimes biting. The males are the primary caretakers of the eggs. They offer protection and moist environments through skin contact. They will leave during very dry periods in order to collect more moisture for their offspring.[19]

Males begin their mating calls by perching above ground level.[20]

External audio
The coqui's distinct calls may be heard here, and here.

The coqui's call (or canto in Spanish) is used both as a way of attracting a mate and to establish a territorial boundary. A coqui may enter another's territory and challenge the incumbent by starting his call, at which point they may engage in a sort of singing duel (which can last for several minutes). The first to falter in keeping up with the cadence is considered the loser and leaves the area without resorting to physical violence. This behavior is consistent across different species (which have distinctive calls), so it is possible to hear a duel where one coqui sings "COQUI" and another "COQUIRIQUI".

See also

References

  1. ↑ Hedges, B., Joglar, R., Thomas, R., Powell, R. & Rios-López, N. (2009) Eleutherodactylus coqui. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2.
  2. ↑ Heinicke, M.P., W.E. Duellman & S.B. Hedges (2007). "Major Caribbean and Central American frog faunas originated by ancient oceanic dispersal". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104 (24): 10092–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.0611051104. PMC 1891260. PMID 17548823.
  3. ↑ Narins, Peter M.; Robert R. Capranica (1976). "Sexual Differences in the Auditory System of the Tree Frog Eleutherodactylus coqui". Science. 192 (4237): 378–380. doi:10.1126/science.1257772. PMID 1257772.
  4. ↑ Thomas, R. (1966). "New species of antillean Eleutherodactylus". Quart. J. Florida Acad. Sci. 28: 375–391.
  5. 1 2 Henderson and Schwartz, p. 42.
  6. ↑ Species profile Eleutherodactylus coqui. Available from: http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=105. "Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) 2015". www.iucngisd.org. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  7. ↑ Wells, Kentwood D. (2010-02-15). The Ecology and Behavior of Amphibians. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226893334.
  8. 1 2 3 Douglas P. Reagan; Robert B. Waide, eds. (1996). The Food Web of a Tropical Rain Forest. University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-70600-1.
  9. ↑ Jarrod H. Fogarty; Francisco J. Vilella (2002). "Population dynamic of Eleutherodactylus coqui in Cordillera Forest reserves of Puerto Rico". Journal of Herpetology. 36 (2): 193–201. doi:10.1670/0022-1511(2002)036[0193:PDOECI]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 1565991.
  10. ↑ Henderson and Schwartz, p. 41.
  11. ↑ www.upane.it, Upane -. "GISD". www.iucngisd.org. Retrieved 2018-05-08.
  12. ↑ Joglar, R.L.; Rios, N. (1998). "Eleutherodactylus coqui (Puerto Rican Coqui, Coquí Común) in Dominican Republic". Herpetological Review. 29: 107.
  13. ↑ Campbell III, Earl W. Kraus, Fred (2002). "Neotropical Frogs in Hawaii: Status and Management Options for an Unusual Introduced Pest" (PDF). Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for USDA national Wildlife Research Center. University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Retrieved 2007-12-13.
  14. ↑ S. Lowe; M. Browne; S. Boudjelas; M. De Poorter (2000). "100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species: A selection from the Global Invasive Species Database". The Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG), a specialist group of the Species Survival Commission (SSC) of the World Conservation Union (IUCN): 12.
  15. ↑ Karen H. Beard; Robert Al-Chokhachy; Nathania C. Tuttle; Eric O'Neill (2008). "Population density estimates and growth rates of Eleutherodactylus coqui in Hawaii". Journal of Herpetology. 42 (4): 626–636. doi:10.1670/07-314R1.1.
  16. 1 2 "The Ecology of Eleutherodactylus coqui". issg Database. Retrieved October 15, 2006.
  17. ↑ "Coqui (Eleutherodactylus coqui) - Species Profile". nas.er.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2018-05-08.
  18. ↑ Woolbright, Lawrence L.; Stewart, Margaret M. (1987). "Foraging Success of the Tropical Frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui: The Cost of Calling". Copeia. 1987 (1): 69–75. doi:10.2307/1446039.
  19. ↑ Walsh,, Joseph S. (September 1992). "Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies: Descriptions, Distributions, and Natural History.Albert Schwartz , Robert W. Henderson". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 67 (3): 380–381. doi:10.1086/417717. ISSN 0033-5770.
  20. ↑ Listen to this species's mating call here.

Bibliography

  • Robert W. Henderson; A. Schwartz (1991). Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies: Descriptions, Distributions, and Natural History. University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1049-7.
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