Clintonia

Clintonia
Clintonia borealis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Clade:Angiosperms
Clade:Monocots
Order:Liliales
Family:Liliaceae
Subfamily:Lilioideae
Tribe:Medeoleae
Genus:Clintonia
Raf. 1818 not Douglas ex Lindl. 1829 (syn of Downingia in Campanulaceae)[1]
Synonyms[2]
  • Hylocharis Regel & Tiling
  • Xeniatrum Salisb.
Clintonia andrewsiana

Clintonia is a genus of flowering plants first described as a genus in 1818.[3][4] It is distributed across North America and eastern Asia[2] where it is found as an understory plant in woodlands. It was named after De Witt Clinton, an 18th-century botanist and U.S. politician.[5]

Description

Clintonia species are herbaceous perennials growing from rhizomatous underground stems with thin, fibrous roots. They grow from 1.5 to 8 dm tall. They have 2 to 6 basal leaves arising from the rhizome crown, the basal leaves are sessile and sheathing, and the cauline leaves have a stalk. The blade of each leaf has a prominent central vein and entire margins, and the bottom ends are obovate to oblanceolate in shape. The leaf apex is acute to abruptly short-acuminate, often mucronate (ending abruptly in a short sharp point). The inflorescences are terminal, and the flowers are arranged into short racemes or umbel-like clusters, with 1 to 45 flowers. The flowers have 6 tepals with nectaries present. The stamens are inserted at the base of the perianth, and the anthers are oblong-obovate to oblong-linear shaped. The rounded to cylinder shaped ovary is superior with two chambers (sometime three). Each chamber produces 2 to 10 ovules. The smooth fruits are berry-like, round to egg-shaped, metallic blue to black in color. Four to thirty seeds are produced in each fruit and the seeds are shiny brown, round and the ends are angled with 2 or 3 faces.[6][7]

Species

accepted species[2][8]

  1. Clintonia andrewsiana - SW Oregon, W California
  2. Clintonia borealis - E Canada, NE USA, Great Lakes, Appalachians
  3. Clintonia udensis - China, Korea, Japan, Myanmar, Himalayas, Russian Far East
  4. Clintonia umbellulata - Appalachians
  5. Clintonia uniflora - western North America from Alaska to California

Cultivation

Clintonia species are cultivated as garden subjects in shade gardens, grown for the glossy foliage, small lily-like flowers, and blue fruits, and their ability to live in heavy shade. They grow best in cool, organic-rich, acid soils that retain moisture and when grown well form dense slowly spreading clumps.[9]

References

  1. ↑ The Plant List, Clintonia elegans Douglas ex Lindl.
  2. 1 2 3 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  3. ↑ Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel. 1818. American monthly magazine and critical review 2: 266
  4. ↑ Tropicos, Clintonia Raf.
  5. ↑ Umberto Quattrocchi (3 May 2012). CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology (5 Volume Set). CRC Press. pp. 1024–. ISBN 978-1-4200-8044-5.
  6. ↑ Flora of North America, Clintonia Rafinesque
  7. ↑ Flora of China Vol. 24 Page 150 七筋菇属 qi jin gu shu Clintonia Rafinesque, Amer. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. 2: 266. 1818.
  8. ↑ Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps
  9. ↑ William Cullina (2000). The New England Wild Flower Society Guide to Growing and Propagating Wildflowers of the United States and Canada. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 78–. ISBN 0-395-96609-4.


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