Class field theory

In mathematics, class field theory is a major branch of algebraic number theory that studies abelian extensions of local fields (one-dimensional local fields) and "global fields" (one-dimensional global fields) such as number fields and function fields of curves over finite fields in terms of abelian topological groups associated to the fields. It also studies various arithmetic properties of such abelian extensions. Class field theory includes global class field theory and local class field theory.

The abelian topological group C_K associated to such a field K is the multiplicative group of a local field or the idele class group of a global field.

One of fundamental results of class field theory is a construction of a nontrivial reciprocity homomorphism, which acts from C_K to the Galois group of the maximal abelian extension of the field K. The existence theorem of class field theory states that each open subgroup of finite index of C_K is the image with respect to the norm map from the corresponding class field extension down to K.

The theory takes its name from the fact that it includes a one-to-one correspondence between finite abelian extensions of a fixed local or global field and appropriate open subgroup of finite index in C_K. For example, in the case of number fields, the latter are classes of ideals of the field or open subgroups of the idele class group of the field; the Hilbert class field, which is the maximal unramified abelian extension of a number field, corresponds to a very special class of ideals.

A standard method since the 1930s is to develop local class field theory, which describes abelian extensions of completions of a local field, and then use it to construct global class field theory.

Origins of class field theory (reciprocity laws) can be traced to Gauss. Class field theory is the top achievement of algebraic number theory of the 20th century. There is a variety of presentations of class field theory, ranging from using Brauer groups or not using them, from using Galois cohomology or not using it, using features of characteristic zero or of positive characteristic.

There are two types of class field theories for number fields: (1) very explicit but restricted class field theory such as cyclotomic and CM which work over very special number fields using additional structures (roots of unity, torsion points of elliptic curves with CM), (2) general class field theory which works over any global field (any number field) and which follows different conceptual vision and which, remarkably, is simpler than the very explicit class field theory.

There are three main generalizations of class field theory: the Langlands program, higher class field theory, anabelian geometry, each leading to its own insights into key aspects of number theory.

Formulation in contemporary language

In modern mathematical language class field theory can be formulated as follows. Consider the maximal abelian extension A of a local or global field K. It is of infinite degree over K; the Galois group G of A over K is an infinite pro-finite group, so a compact topological group, and it is abelian. The central aims of class field theory are: to describe G in terms of certain appropriate topological objects associated to K, to describe finite abelian extensions of K in terms of open subgroups of finite index in the topological object associated to K. In particular, one wishes to establish a one-to-one correspondence between finite abelian extensions of K and their norm groups in this topological object for K. This topological object is the multiplicative group in the case of local fields with finite residue field and the idele class group in the case of global fields. The finite abelian extension corresponding to an open subgroup of finite index is called the class field for that subgroup, which gave the name to the theory.

The fundamental result of general class field theory states that the group G is naturally isomorphic to the profinite completion of C_K, the multiplicative group of a local field or the idele class group of the global field, with respect to the natural topology on C_K related to the specific structure of the field K. Equivalently, for any finite Galois extension L of K, there is an isomorphism

Gal(L / K)^ab → C_K / N_L/K C_L

of the abelianization of the Galois group of the extension with the quotient of the idele class group of K by the image of the norm of the idele class group of L.

For some small fields, such as the field of rational numbers $\mathbb {Q}$ or its quadratic imaginary extensions there is a more detailed very explicit but too specific theory which provides more information. For example, the abelianized absolute Galois group G of $\mathbb {Q}$ is (naturally isomorphic to) an infinite product of the group of units of the p-adic integers taken over all prime numbers p, and the corresponding maximal abelian extension of the rationals is the field generated by all roots of unity. This is known as the Kronecker–Weber theorem, originally conjectured by Leopold Kronecker. In this case the reciprocity isomorphism of class field theory (or Artin reciprocity map) also admits an explicit description due to the Kronecker–Weber theorem. However, principal constructions of such more detailed theories for small algebraic number fields are not extendable to the general case of algebraic number fields, and different conceptual principles are in use in the general class field theory.

The standard method to construct the reciprocity homomorphism is to first construct the local reciprocity isomorphism from the multiplicative group of the completion of a global field to the Galois group of its maximal abelian extension (this is done inside local class field theory) and then prove that the product of all such local reciprocity maps when defined on the idele group of the global field is trivial on the image of the multiplicative group of the global field. The latter property is called the global reciprocity law and is a far reaching generalization of the Gauss quadratic reciprocity law.

One of the methods to construct the reciprocity homomorphism uses class formation which derives class field theory from axioms of class field theory. This derivation is purely topological group theoretical, while to establish the axioms one has to use the ring structure of the ground field.^[1]

There are methods which use cohomology groups, in particular the Brauer group, and there are methods which do not use cohomology groups and are very explicit and fruitful for applications.

Prime ideals

More than just the abstract description of G, it is essential for the purposes of number theory to understand how prime ideals decompose in the abelian extensions. The description is in terms of Frobenius elements, and generalises in a far-reaching way the quadratic reciprocity law that gives full information on the decomposition of prime numbers in quadratic fields. The class field theory project included the 'higher reciprocity laws' (cubic reciprocity) and so on.

Applications

Class field theory is used to prove Artin-Verdier duality.^[2] Very explicit class field theory is used in many subareas of algebraic number theory such as Iwasawa theory and Galois modules theory.

Most main achievements in the Langlands correspondence for number fields, the BSD conjecture for number fields, and Iwasawa theory for number fields are using very explicit but narrow class field theory methods or their generalizations. The open question is therefore to use generalizations of general class field theory in these three directions.

Generalizations of class field theory

There are three main generalizations, each of great interest on its own. They are: the Langlands program, anabelian geometry, higher class field theory.

Often, the Langlands correspondence is viewed as a nonabelian class field theory. If/when fully established, it would contain a certain theory of nonabelian Galois extensions of global fields. However, the Langlands correspondence does not include as much arithmetical information about finite Galois extensions as class field theory does in the abelian case. It also does not include an analog of the existence theorem in class field theory, i.e. the concept of class fields is absent in the Langlands correspondence. There are several other nonabelian theories, local and global, which provide alternative to the Langlands correspondence point of view.

Another natural generalization is higher class field theory. It describes abelian extensions of higher local fields and higher global fields. The latter come as function fields of schemes of finite type over integers and their appropriate localization and completions. The theory is referred to as higher local class field theory and higher global class field theory. It uses algebraic K-theory and appropriate Milnor K-groups replace $K_{1}$ which is in use in one-dimensional class field theory. Higher local and global class field theory was developed by Kazuya Kato, Ivan Fesenko, Spencer Bloch, Shuji Saito and other mathematicians.

Another famous generalization of class field theory is anabelian geometry which studies algorithms to restore the original object (e.g. a number field or a hyperbolic curve over it) from the knowledge of its full absolute Galois group of algebraic fundamental group.^[3]

History

The origins of class field theory lie in the quadratic reciprocity law proved by Gauss. The generalization took place as a long-term historical project, involving quadratic forms and their 'genus theory', work of Ernst Kummer and Leopold Kronecker/Kurt Hensel on ideals and completions, the theory of cyclotomic and Kummer extensions.

The first two class field theories were very explicit cyclotomic and complex multiplication class field theories. They used additional structures: in the case of the field of rational numbers they use roots of unity, in the case of imaginary quadratic extensions of the field of rational numbers they use elliptic curves with complex multiplication and their points of finite order. Much later, the theory of Shimura provided another very explicit class field theory for a class of algebraic number fields. All these very explicit theories cannot be extended to work over arbitrary number field. In positive characteristic $p$ Kawada and Satake used Witt duality to get a very easy description of the $p$ -part of the reciprocity homomorphism.

However, general class field theory used different concepts and its constructions work over every global field.

The famous problems of David Hilbert stimulated further development, which led to the reciprocity laws, and proofs by Teiji Takagi, Phillip Furtwängler, Emil Artin, Helmut Hasse and many others. The crucial Takagi existence theorem was known by 1920 and all the main results by about 1930. One of the last classical conjectures to be proved was the principalisation property. The first proofs of class field theory used substantial analytic methods. In the 1930s and subsequently the use of infinite extensions and the theory of Wolfgang Krull of their Galois groups was found increasingly useful. It combines with Pontryagin duality to give a clearer if more abstract formulation of the central result, the Artin reciprocity law. An important step was the introduction of ideles by Claude Chevalley in 1930s. Their use replaced the classes of ideals and essentially clarified and simplified structures that describe abelian extensions of global fields. Most of the central results were proved by 1940.

Later the results were reformulated in terms of group cohomology, which became a standard way to learn class field theory for several generations of number theorists. One drawback of the cohomological method is its relative inexplicitness. As the result of local contributions by Bernard Dwork, John Tate, Michiel Hazewinkel and a local and global reinterpretation by Jürgen Neukirch and also in relation to the work on explicit reciprocity formulas by many mathematicians, a very explicit and cohomology free presentation of class field theory was established in the nineties, see e.g. the book of Neukirch.

Notes

↑ Reciprocity and IUT, talk at RIMS workshop on IUT Summit, July 2016, Ivan Fesenko
↑ Milne, J. S. Arithmetic duality theorems. Charleston, SC: BookSurge, LLC 2006
↑ Fesenko, Ivan (2015), Arithmetic deformation theory via arithmetic fundamental groups and nonarchimedean theta functions, notes on the work of Shinichi Mochizuki, Eur. J. Math., 2015 (PDF)

References

Artin, Emil; Tate, John (1990), Class field theory, Redwood City, Calif.: Addison-Wesley, ISBN 978-0-201-51011-9
Cassels, J.W.S.; Fröhlich, Albrecht, eds. (1967), Algebraic Number Theory, Academic Press, Zbl 0153.07403
Conrad, Keith, History of class field theory. (PDF)
Fesenko, Ivan B; Vostokov, Sergei V. (2002), Local fields and their extensions, Translations of Mathematical Monographs, 121 (Second ed.), Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-0-8218-3259-2, MR 1915966
Gras, Georges (2005), Class Field Theory: from theory to practice (corrected 2nd printing), Springer Monographs in Mathematics, xiii+507 pages, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-44133-5
Iwasawa, Kenkichi (1986), Local class field theory, Oxford Mathematical Monographs, The Clarendon Press Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-504030-2, MR 0863740, Zbl 0604.12014
Kawada, Yukiyosi (1955), "Class formations", Duke Math. J., 22: 165–177, Zbl 0067.01904
Kawada, Yukiyosi; Satake, I. (1956), "Class formations. II", J.Fac. Sci.Univ. Tokyo Sect. 1A, 7: 353–389, Zbl 0101.02902
Neukirch, Jürgen (1986), Class Field Theory, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-15251-4
Neukirch, Jürgen (1999). Algebraic Number Theory. Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften. 322. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-65399-8. MR 1697859. Zbl 0956.11021.

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[1] Reciprocity and IUT, talk at RIMS workshop on IUT Summit, July 2016, Ivan Fesenko

[2] Milne, J. S. Arithmetic duality theorems. Charleston, SC: BookSurge, LLC 2006

[3] Fesenko, Ivan (2015), Arithmetic deformation theory via arithmetic fundamental groups and nonarchimedean theta functions, notes on the work of Shinichi Mochizuki, Eur. J. Math., 2015 (PDF)