Clapham Junction rail crash

Clapham Junction rail crash
Clearing up after the collision
Date 12 December 1988
Time 08:10
Location near Clapham Junction
Country United Kingdom
Rail line South Western Main Line
Operator Network SouthEast
Cause Unprotected wrong-side failure
Statistics
Trains 3
Deaths 35
Injuries 69 serious, 415 minor
List of UK rail accidents by year

On the morning of 12 December 1988, a crowded passenger train crashed into the rear of another train that had stopped at a signal, just south of Clapham Junction railway station in London, and subsequently sideswiped an empty train travelling in the opposite direction. A total of 35 people were killed in the collision, while 484 were injured.[1]

The collision was the result of a signal failure caused by a wiring fault. New wiring had been installed, but the old wiring had been left in place and not adequately secured. An independent inquiry, chaired by Anthony Hidden, QC, found that the signalling technician responsible had not been told his working practices were wrong and his work had not been inspected by an independent person. He had also performed the work during his 13th consecutive week of seven-day workweeks. Critical of the health and safety culture within British Rail at the time, Hidden's recommendations included ensuring that work was independently inspected and that a senior project manager be made responsible for all aspects of any major, safety-critical project such as re-signalling work.

British Rail was fined £250,000 for violations of health and safety law in connection with the accident.

Collisions

On 12 December 1988 the 07:18 from Basingstoke to London Waterloo, a crowded train made up from four-car 4VEP electric multiple units 3033, 3119 and 3005, was approaching Clapham Junction when the driver saw the signal ahead of him change from green ("proceed") to red ("danger"). Unable to stop at the signal, he stopped his train at the next signal and then reported to the signal box by telephone. He was told there was nothing wrong with the signal. Shortly after 08:10,[2] the following train, the 06:30 from Bournemouth, made up of 4-REP unit 2003 and 4TC units 8027 and 8015, collided with the Basingstoke train. A third train, carrying no passengers and comprising 4VEP units 3004 and 3425, was passing on the adjacent line in the other direction and collided with the wreckage immediately after the initial impact. The driver of a fourth train, coasting with no traction current, saw the other trains and managed to come to a stop behind the other two and the signal that should have protected them, which was showing a yellow "proceed with caution" aspect instead of a red "danger" aspect.[3][4]

As a result of the collisions, 35 people died, and 69 were seriously injured. Another 415 sustained minor injuries.[5]

Emergency response

The driver of the Basingstoke train was standing by the telephone when his train was pushed forward several feet by the collision. He picked up the receiver and spoke to the signalman, informing him of the collision and asking him to call the emergency services. The signalman immediately switched all the signals he could to 'danger', and signalled to the adjacent signal boxes he had an obstruction on the line. However he had no control over automatic signals, and was not able to stop the fourth train. He then called the Clapham Junction station manager and asked him to call the emergency services.[6] The accident had tripped the high-voltage feed to the traction current. The operator in the nearby Raynes Park electrical control room suspected there had been a derailment and re-configured the supply so that the nearby Wimbledon line trains could still run.[7]

Pupils and teachers from the adjacent Emanuel School, who were first on the scene of the disaster,[8] were later commended for their service by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.[9] Rescue was hampered because the railway was in a cutting, with metal fence at the top and a wall at the bottom of a wooded slope.[10] The last casualty was taken to hospital at 13:04 and the last body was removed at 15:45.[5]

Investigations

An initial internal investigation showed that a wiring fault meant that the signal would not show a red danger aspect when the track circuit immediately in front of the signal was occupied.[11] Work associated with the Waterloo Area Resignalling Scheme meant new wiring had been installed,[12] but the old wiring had been left connected at one end, and loose and uninsulated at the other.[11]

An independent inquiry was chaired by Anthony Hidden, QC for the Department for Transport. A 1978 British Rail Southern Region report had concluded that due to the age of the equipment the re-signalling was needed by 1986, however approval was given in 1984 after a report of three wrong-side signal failures.[13] The re-signalling project had been planned assuming more people were available and employees felt that the programme was inflexible and under pressure to get the work done.[14] Installation and testing was carried out at weekend during voluntary overtime, the technician having worked a seven-day week for the previous 13 weeks.[15] The re-wiring had been done a few weeks previously, but the fault had only developed the previous day when equipment had been moved and the loose and uninsulated wire had created a false feed to a relay.

The signalling technician who had done the work had not cut back, insulated nor tied back the loose wire and his work had not been supervised, nor inspected by an independent person as was required.[16] In particular, a wire count that would have identified that a wire had not been removed was not carried out.[17] There had been inadequate training, assessment, supervision and testing and, with a lack of understanding of the risks of signalling failure, these were not monitored effectively.[18]

Memorial at the site of the crash, 2012

Critical of the health and safety culture within British Rail at the time,[18] Hidden recommended that unused signal wires needed to be cut back and insulated, and that a testing plan be in place, with the inspection and testing being done by an independent person. Signal technicians needed to attend refresher courses every five years, and testers needed to be trained and certified. Management was to ensure that no one was working high levels of overtime,[19] and a senior project manager made responsible for all aspects of the project.[20] Unprotected wrong side signal failures – where the failure permitted a train to go beyond where it was permitted – had to be reported to the Railway Inspectorate.[21] Cab radios, linking driver and signalman, were recommended[22] and to begin installing public address system on existing trains that were not expected to be withdrawn within five years.[23]

Legacy

Testing was mandated on British Rail signalling work[24] and the hours of work of employees involved in safety critical work was limited.[25] Although British Rail was fined £250,000 (equivalent to £493,000 in 2016[26] ) for breach of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act,[27] there was frustration that there was no prosecution for manslaughter. In 1996 the collision was one of the events cited by the Law Commission as reason for new law on manslaughter, resulting in the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007.[28]

A memorial marking the location of the crash site is atop the cutting above the railway on Spencer Park, Battersea.[29]

The Basingstoke train stopped at the next signal after the faulty signal, in accordance with the rule book. Railway historian Adrian Vaughan suggests this may not be the best way of handling faulty signals. If the Basingstoke train had carried on to the signal following the next signal, the crash would not have happened because the Bournemouth train would have stopped at the signal where the crash occurred. As of 1999, the rule book had not been changed.[30]

In 2017, a Rail Accident Investigation Branch report into a serious irregularity at Cardiff Central on 29 December 2016 revealed that some of the lessons from the Clapham Junction accident appeared to have been forgotten. In that incident, a pair of redundant points had been left in an unsafe condition and undetectable by the signalling system. The alertness of a driver prevented a serious accident from occurring. Excessive working hours, the cancellation of route-proving trains and a lack of detailed planning were cited as contributory factors to the incident.[31]

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Hidden 1989, pp. iv, 1, 4.
  2. ↑ "On This Day, 12 December - 1988: 35 dead in Clapham rail collision". BBC.
  3. ↑ Hidden 1989, pp. 23–25.
  4. ↑ McCrickard, John P (6 October 2016). "January 1988 to December 1988". Network South East Railway Society. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  5. 1 2 Hidden 1989, p. 5.
  6. ↑ Hidden 1989, p. 27.
  7. ↑ Hidden 1989, p. 28.
  8. ↑ Hidden 1989, p. 35.
  9. ↑ "House of Commons PQs". Margaret Thatcher Foundation. 13 December 1988.
  10. ↑ Hidden 1989, p. 42.
  11. 1 2 Hidden 1989, p. 51.
  12. ↑ Hidden 1989, pp. 147–151.
  13. ↑ Vaughan 2000, p. 78.
  14. ↑ Hidden 1989, p. 165.
  15. ↑ Hidden 1989, pp. 148–149.
  16. ↑ Hidden 1989, pp. 147–152.
  17. ↑ Hidden 1989, p. 62.
  18. 1 2 Hartley 2001, p. 23.
  19. ↑ Hidden 1989, pp. 166–167.
  20. ↑ Hidden 1989, corrections.
  21. ↑ Hidden 1989, pp. 120, 169.
  22. ↑ Hidden 1989, p. 171.
  23. ↑ Hidden 1989, p. 174.
  24. ↑ Vaughan 2000, p. 82.
  25. ↑ "Changes in Working Hours – Safety Critical Work" (PDF). Railway Group Standards. August 1996. p. 6. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
  26. ↑ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
  27. ↑ Hartley 2001, p. 24.
  28. ↑ "Legislating the Criminal Code: Involuntary Manslaughter" (PDF). The Law Commission. 4 March 1996. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
  29. ↑ "Clapham Junction train crash memorial". geograph.org.uk. Robin Webster. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
  30. ↑ Vaughan 2000, p. 84.
  31. ↑ "Serious irregularity at Cardiff East Junction 29 December 2016" (PDF). Rail Accident Investigation Branch. Retrieved 30 October 2017.

Bibliography

  • Hartley, Hazel J (2001). Exploring Sport and Leisure Disasters: a socio-legal perspective. Cavendish. ISBN 978-1-85941-650-1.
  • Hidden, Anthony (1989). Investigation of the Clapham Junction Railway Accident (PDF). Department of Transport. ISBN 978-0-10-108202-0. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  • Vaughan, Adrian (2000). Tracks to Disaster. Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-2985-7.

Further reading

  • Hall, Stanley (1999). Hidden Dangers, Railway Safety in the Era of Privatisation. Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-2679-3.
  • Glendon, A. Ian; Clarke, Sharon; McKenna, Eugene F. (2006). Human Safety And Risk Management. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-3090-4.
  • Reason, James; Hobbs, Alan (2003). Managing Maintenance Error: A Practical Guide. Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-1591-X.
  • Whittingham, R. B. (2004). The Blame Machine: Why Human Error Causes Accidents. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-5510-0.

Coordinates: 51°27′26″N 0°10′28″W / 51.4571°N 0.1744°W / 51.4571; -0.1744

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