Committee for the Marshall Plan

Committee for the Marshall Plan
Predecessor Council on Foreign Relations, Brookings Institution (co-founders)
Successor George C. Marshall Foundation
Formation October 1947
Founded at 350 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10118
Purpose Promote Marshall Plan
Headquarters 537 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10017
Fields U.S. Foreign Policy
Membership
voluntary
National Chairman
Executive Chairman
Treasurer
Executive Director
Dean Acheson, Winthrop W. Aldrich, Frank Altschul, James B. Carey, David Dubinsky, Allen W. Dulles, Clark Eichelberger, William Emerson, Herbert Feis, Alger Hiss, Herbert H. Lehman, Frederick C. McKee, Arthur W. Page, Philip D. Reed, Herbert Bayard Swope, Mrs. Wendell Willkie

The Committee for the Marshall Plan, also known as Citizens' Committee for the Marshall Plan to Aid European Recovery, was a short-term organization established to promote passage of the European Recovery Program known as the Marshall Plan – which "fronted for a State Department legally barred from engaging in propaganda."[1][2][3][4][5]

The Committee disbanded not long after April 3, 1948, when U.S. President Harry S. Truman signed the Marshall Plan into law, which granted $5 billion in aid to 16 European nations.

Background

Writing for the Marshall Foundation, History Professor Emeritus explained that postwar anti-Communism, pullback to American isolationism, and general conservative backlesh led U.S. Republican Party politicians like U.S. Representatives Howard Buffett (father of billionaire Warren Buffett) of Nebraska and Fred Busby of Illinois to oppose what Buffett called "Operation Rathole" (the Marshall Plan).[1]

History

The Citizens' Committee for the Marshall Plan to Aid European Recovery formed in late October 1947. Its leaders were prominent liberal Eastern internationalists, members of the Council on Foreign Relations and Brookings Institution, a balance of bipartisan politicians, and labor leaders. Major donors included John D. Rockefeller.[1]

Awareness of the Marshall Plan was already rising from July to December 1947, but the committee felt the need to propagandize.

To sway public opinion, the committee advertised, issued various documents (press releases, editorials, policy papers), sponsored radio broadcasts, hired speakers bureaus. Targets included women's clubs, church councils, and public affairs groups. Dean Acheson went on his own speaking tour, which included Palo Alto, Portland, Spokane, Minneapolis, and Duluth. Message focused on American idealism, self-interest, and ideology–particularly, humanitarian and economic concerns. Legislative efforts included an interim aid bill. In January 1948, debate and hearings geared up and ran through June 1948. The Harriman Committee made a report, and the committee sent private organizations as witnesses, of which 26 members were committee members themselves. The Communist takeover of Czechoslovakia worked in the committee's favor, but it did not adopt a strong "bulwark against Communism" position but rather avoided the topic of Communism.[1]

On November 16, 1947, Alger Hiss published an essay that appeared on four pages of The New York Times Sunday Magazine, entitled "The Basic Question in The Great Debate." One of its five arguments was to answer the question "Why should we support socialist governments?" He summarized by writing, "Essentially the answer to this fifth question lies in the fact that the freely chosen governments of western Europe are the governments with which we must deal if we are to prevent economic chaos. We have no alternative." He also argued, "No country of Western Europe is at present fully socialistic or even 50 per cent socialistic in its control of economic life."[6]

Passage by the House and Senate of the Foreign Assistance Act (HR 329–74, SR 69–17) helped.[1]

Organization

The Committee's headquarters was in the Empire State Building, 350 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York, 10118, then 537 Fifth Avenue, New York, 10017, with offices in Washington, D.C., and regional or local chapters (e.g., Baltimore, Philadelphia).[1]

Of the committee's executive board members,[7] eight served on the Council on Foreign Relations, of which another two were members of the BAC, CED, or NPA – Allen Dulles (Council on Foreign Relations) and Philip Reed (Chairman of General Electric).[2]

The national chairman was Henry L. Stimson and the executive director was John H. Ferguson. On April 2, 1948, the day before Truman signed the Marshall Plan into law, the members of the Executive Committee were:

Other members included Robert Gordon Sproul.[8]

Legacy

Historian Michael Wala wrote, "The [Citizens' Committee for the Marshall Plan to Aid European Recovery]'s work was crucial in passing the Marshall Plan."[1][9]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Machado, Barry F. (2007). In Search of a Usable Past: The Marshall Plan and Postwar Reconstruction Today. Marshall Foundation. pp. 15 (Rathole), 19–20 (State Department propaganda). Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  2. 1 2 Hogan, Michael J. (1987). The Marshall Plan: America, Britain and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952. Cambridge University Press. p. 98. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  3. ↑ Wilson, Theodore L. (1977). The Marshall Plan: An Atlantic Venture of 1947–1951 and How It Shaped Our World. Foreign Policy Association. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  4. ↑ Wexler, Imanuel (1983). The Marshall Plan Revisited: The European Recovery Program in Economic Perspective. Greenwood Press. pp. 32–33. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  5. ↑ Price, Harry Bayard (1955). Marshall Plan and Its Meaning. Cornell University Press. pp. 55–57. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  6. ↑ Hiss, Alger (16 November 1947). "The Marshall Plan". Alger Hiss Story – A Search for the Truth. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  7. ↑ Patterson, Robert P. "Committee for the Marshall Plan to Aid European Recovery" (PDF). Columbia.edu. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  8. ↑ "Robert Gordon Sproul: Systemwide". University of California - Calisphere. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  9. ↑ Wala, Michael (Summer 1986). "Selling the Marshall Plan at Home: the Committee for the Marshall Plan to Aid European Recovery". Diplomatic History. 10 (3): 247–265. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1986.tb00460.x. Retrieved 16 November 2017. (Subscription required (help)).
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