Chrysolina

Chrysolina
Chrysolina polita
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Chrysomelidae
Subfamily: Chrysomelinae
Genus: Chrysolina
Type species
Chrysomela staphylea
Diversity
at least 130 species
Chrysolina bicolor
Chrysolina hyperici
Chrysolina numida
Chrysolina quadrigemina

Chrysolina is a large genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Chrysomelinae. Most species are distributed in Europe, Asia and Africa with a small number of species inhabiting North America (including introduced European ones) and introduced species in Australia.[1]

The species Chrysolina cerealis and C. graminis are protected in the United Kingdom. All species of Chrysolina are phytophagous, feeding on specific food plants, and some of them have been used for biological control of weeds. To control Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort), C. hyperici was successfully naturalized in Australia in the 1930s[2][3] and several species, especially C. quadrigemina, were introduced to California in the late 1940s.[3][4][5][6][7]

Systematic classification of European species

  • Order Coleoptera
    Suborder Polyphaga
    Superfamily Chrysomeloidea Latreille, 1802
    Family Chrysomelidae Latreille, 1802
    Subfamily Chrysomelinae Latreille, 1802
    Genus Chrysolina Motschulsky, 1860
    Subgenus Allochrysolina
    Chrysolina fuliginosa (Olivier, 1807)
    Chrysolina lepida (Olivier 1807)
    Subgenus Anopachys
    Chrysolina aurichalcea (Mannerheim, 1825)
    Chrysolina eurina (Frivaldszky, 1883)
    Chrysolina relucens (Rosenhauer, 1847)
    Chrysolina schatzmayri (Muller, 1916)
    Subgenus Arctolina
    Chrysolina septentrionalis (Menetries, 1851)
    Subgenus Bechynia
    Chrysolina milleri (Weise, 1884)
    Chrysolina philotesia Daccordi & Ruffo, 1980
    Chrysolina platypoda (Bechyné, 1950)
    Chrysolina substrangulata Bourdonne, 1986
    Subgenus Bittotaenia
    Chrysolina salviae (Germar, 1824)
    Subgenus Cecchiniola
    Chrysolina platyscelidina (Jacobson, 1898)
    Subgenus Centoptera
    Chrysolina bicolor (Fabricius, 1775)
    Subgenus Chalcoidea
    Chrysolina analis (Linnaeus, 1767)
    Chrysolina carnifex melanaria (Suffrian, 1851)
    Chrysolina carnifex (Fabricius, 1792)
    Chrysolina cinctipennis (Harold, 1874)
    Chrysolina curvilinea (Weise, 1884)
    Chrysolina hyrcana (Weise, 1884)
    Chrysolina interstincta (Suffrian, 1851)
    Chrysolina marginata (Linnaeus, 1758)
    Chrysolina taygetana Bechyné, 1952
    Subgenus Chrysolina
    Chrysolina bankii (Fabricius, 1775)
    Chrysolina costalis (Olivier, 1807)
    Chrysolina fortunata (Wollaston, 1864)
    Chrysolina obsoleta (Brulle, 1838)
    Chrysolina rufa (Duftschmid, 1825)
    Chrysolina staphylaea (Linnaeus, 1758)
    Chrysolina wollastoni Bechyné, 1957
    Subgenus Chrysomorpha
    Chrysolina cerealis (Linnaeus, 1767)
    Subgenus Colaphodes
    Chrysolina haemoptera (Linnaeus, 1758)
    Subgenus Colaphoptera
    Chrysolina globosa (Panzer, 1805)
    Chrysolina pliginskii (Reitter, 1913)
    Chrysolina purpurascens (Germar, 1822)
    Subgenus Colaphosoma
    Chrysolina sturmi (Westhoff, 1882)
    Subgenus Craspeda
    Chrysolina jenisseiensis (Breit, 1920)
    Chrysolina limbata (Fabricius, 1775)
    Subgenus Cyrtochrysolina
    Chrysolina marcasitica (Germar, 1824)
    Subgenus Erythrochrysa
    Chrysolina polita (Linnaeus, 1758)
    Subgenus Euchrysolina
    Chrysolina graminis (Linnaeus, 1758)
    Chrysolina virgata (Motschulsky, 1860)
    Subgenus Fastuolina
    Chrysolina fastuosa (Scopoli, 1763)
    Subgenus Heliostola
    Chrysolina carpathica (Fuss, 1856)
    Chrysolina lichenis (Richter, 1820)
    Chrysolina schneideri (Weise, 1882)
    Subgenus Hypericia
    Chrysolina brunsvicensis (Gravenhorst, 1807)
    Chrysolina corcyria (Suffrian, 1851)
    Chrysolina cuprina (Duftschmid, 1825)
    Chrysolina didymata (Scriba, 1791)
    Chrysolina geminata (Paykull, 1799)
    Chrysolina hyperici (Forster, 1771)
    Chrysolina quadrigemina (Suffrian, 1851)
    Subgenus Maenadochrysa
    Chrysolina affinis (Fabricius, 1787)
    Chrysolina aveyronenesis Bechyné, 1950
    Chrysolina baetica (Suffrian, 1851)
    Chrysolina femoralis (Olivier, 1790)
    Subgenus Melasomoptera
    Chrysolina grossa (Fabricius, 1792)
    Chrysolina lucida (Olivier, 1807)
    Chrysolina lutea (Petagna, 1819)
    Subgenus Mimophaedon
    Chrysolina pourtoyi Bourdonne, 1996
    Subgenus Ovosoma
    Chrysolina atrovirens (Frivaldszky, 1876)
    Chrysolina cretica (Olivier, 1807)
    Chrysolina halysa Bechyné, 1950
    Chrysolina orientalis (Olivier, 1807)
    Chrysolina rhodia Bechyné, 1950
    Chrysolina sahlbergi (Menetries, 1832)
    Chrysolina susterai Bechyné, 1950
    Chrysolina turca (Fairmaire, 1865)
    Chrysolina vernalis (Brulle, 1832)
    Subgenus Ovostoma
    Chrysolina globipennis (Suffrian, 1851)
    Chrysolina olivieri (Bedel, 1892)
    Subgenus Palaeosticta
    Chrysolina diluta (Germar, 1824)
    Subgenus Rhyssoloma
    Chrysolina fragariae (Wollaston, 1854)
    Subgenus Sphaerochrysolina
    Chrysolina umbratilis (Weise, 1887)
    Subgenus Sphaeromela
    Chrysolina varians (Schaller, 1783)
    Subgenus Stichoptera
    Chrysolina colasi (Cobos, 1952)
    Chrysolina grancanariensis (Lindberg, 1953)
    Chrysolina gypsophilae (Kuster, 1845)
    Chrysolina latecincta (Demaison, 1896)
    Chrysolina kuesteri (Helliesen, 1912)
    Chrysolina lucidicollis (Kuster, 1845)
    Chrysolina mactata (Fairmaire, 1859)
    Chrysolina rossia (Illiger, 1802)
    Chrysolina sanguinolenta (Linnaeus, 1758)
    Chrysolina stachydis (Gene, 1839)
    Chrysolina variolosa (Petagna, 1819)
    Subgenus Sulcicollis
    Chrysolina chalcites (Germar, 1824)
    Chrysolina oricalcia (Muller O. F., 1776)
    Chrysolina peregrina (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1839)
    Chrysolina rufoaenea (Suffrian, 1851)
    Subgenus Synerga
    Chrysolina coerulans (Scriba, 1791)
    Chrysolina herbacea (Duftschmid, 1825)
    Chrysolina suffriani (Fairmaire, 1859)
    Chrysolina viridana (Kuster, 1844)
    Subgenus Taeniochrysea
    Chrysolina americana (Linnaeus, 1758)
    Subgenus Taeniosticha
    Chrysolina reitteri (Weise, 1884)
    Subgenus Threnosoma
    Chrysolina cribrosa (Ahrens, 1812)
    Chrysolina fimbrialis (Kuster, 1845)
    Chrysolina helopioides (Suffrian, 1851)
    Chrysolina inflata (Weise, 1916)
    Chrysolina joliveti Bechyné, 1950
    Chrysolina obenbergeri Bechyné, 1950
    Chrysolina obscurella (Suffrian, 1851)
    Chrysolina osellai (Daccordi & Ruffo, 1979)
    Chrysolina tagana (Suffrian, 1851)
    Chrysolina timarchoides (Brisout, 1882)
    Chrysolina weisei (Frivaldszky, 1883)
    Subgenus Timarchida
    Chrysolina deubeli (Ganglbauer, 1897)

See also

References

  1. ↑ BIEÑKOWSKI, ANDRZEJ O (2001). "A study on the genus Chrysolina MOTSCHULSKY, 1860, with a checklist of all the described subgenera, species, subspecies, and synonyms (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae)" (PDF). Genus - International Journal of Invertebrate Taxonomy. 12: 105–235. Retrieved 2017-01-24.
  2. ↑ W. T. Parsons, E. G. Cuthbertson. Noxious Weeds of Australia. 2nd ed. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0-643-06514-8. P. 389.
  3. 1 2 Wilfred William Robbins, Alden Springer Crafts. Weed Control: A Textbook and Manual. N.Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1962. P. 137, 155, 162.
  4. ↑ Huffaker, C. B. and C. E. Kennett (1959). A ten-year study of vegetation change associated with biological control of Klamath weed. Journal of Range Management 12: 69-82.
  5. ↑ Peter Jay Morin. Community Ecology. Oxford: Blackwell, 1999. ISBN 0-86542-350-4. P. 106-107.
  6. ↑ Gilbert Waldbauer. What Good are Bugs?: Insects in the Web of Life. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-674-01027-2. P. 158.
  7. ↑ Richard E. White. A Field Guide to the Beetles of North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1983. ISBN 0-395-91089-7. P. 296.
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