Christ Pantocrator (Sinai)

Christ Pantocrator from Saint Catherine's Monastery in Sinai.

The Christ Pantocrator of St. Catherine’s Monastery at Sinai is one of the oldest Byzantine religious icons, dating from the sixth century AD.[1] It is the earliest known version of the pantocrator style that still survives today, and is regarded by historians and scholars to be one of the most important and recognizable works in the study of Byzantine art as well as Eastern Orthodox Christianity.[2]

Background

For a time the icon was thought to have been dated from the thirteenth century, since it had been almost completely painted over at that time, but it was concluded in 1962 that it is in fact from the mid-sixth century, although the exact date of production is still unknown.[3] When Saint Catherine’s Monastery was founded by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I, late in his reign, between 548 and 565,[4] it enjoyed imperial patronage and donations from Justinian and his court, with the Christ Pantocrator icon having been one of the many possible imperial gifts.[5] Because of this, it is generally believed to have been produced in the Byzantine capital of Constantinople.[6]

Interpretation and meaning

Mirrored composites of left and right sides of image

Many agree that the icon represents the dual nature of Christ, illustrating traits of both man and god,[7] perhaps influenced by the aftermath of the ecumenical councils of the previous century at Ephesus and Chalcedon.[8] Christ’s features on the left side are supposed to represent the qualities of his human nature, while the right side represents his divinity.[9] His right hand is shown opening outward, signifying his gift of blessing, while the left hand and arm is clutching a thick Gospel book.[10]

Some scholars have suggested the icon at Sinai could have been a possible representation of the Kamouliana icon of Christ[11] or of the famous icon of Christ of the Chalke Gate,[12] an image which was destroyed twice during the first and second waves of Byzantine Iconoclasm—first in 726, and again in 814—and thus its connection with the Christ Pantocrator is difficult to confirm.[13]

Description and production

With a height of 84 cm, width of 45.5 cm, and a thickness of 1.2 cm, the icon was originally taller and wider before its top and sides were cut.[14] Otherwise there is only one spot with major damage, a large portion of Christ’s hair on his left side, including his left ear and shoulder.[15] The original encaustic surface has continually been preserved in excellent condition overall.[16] As with many of the early icons from Sinai, the Christ Pantocrator was created by using this technique, known as encaustic—a medium using hot wax paint—that would rarely continue to be utilized in the Byzantine world after the iconoclastic controversies of the eighth and ninth centuries.[17] In fact, the monastery at Sinai is the only place in the world where a substantial number of these encaustic icons, particularly those dating from as early as the sixth century, have been preserved.[18] During the Period of Byzantine Iconoclasm, the production of Orthodox icons continued at Sinai, whereas they were being destroyed in Constantinople.[19]

Survival from Byzantine Iconoclasm and aftermath

The Muslim Arabs quickly took control of the entire Fertile Crescent south of the Turkish mountains, including Egypt and Sinai, cutting the monastery’s ties with Constantinople in the year 640.[20] Therefore, by the time the era of iconoclasm had been initiated by Emperor Leo III in 726, the Monastery of Saint Catherine had already been protected under Muslim rule for nearly a century and was able to survive the destruction of iconoclasm.[21] Furthermore, the location of the monastery in the rocky desert of Sinai, far away from any major trade or military route, kept the contents within St. Catherine’s safe from raiders as well as conquering armies.[22] Even today the monastery houses more than 2,000 icons, dating from the sixth century to the modern times.[23]

Notes

  1. ↑ John Galey, George Forsyth, and Kurt Weitzmann, Sinai and the Monastery of St. Catherine (Givatayim, Israel: Massada, 1980), 99.
  2. ↑ Galey, Forsyth, Weitzmann, Sinai, 92.
  3. ↑ Kurt Weitzmann, The Monastery of Saint Catherine at Mount Sinai, the Icons (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1976), 13.
  4. ↑ Galey, Forsyth, Weitzmann, Sinai, 13.
  5. ↑ Galey, Forsyth, Weitzmann, Sinai, 92; Kōnstantinos A. Manaphēs, Sinai: Treasures of the Monastery of Saint Catherine (Athens: Ekdotike Athenon, 1990), 93.
  6. ↑ Galey, Forsyth, Weitzmann, Sinai, 92.
  7. ↑ Manolis Chatzidakis and Gerry Walters, “An Encaustic Icon of Christ at Sinai,” The Art Bulletin 49, No. 3 (1967): 201; Galey, Forsyth, Weitzmann, Sinai, 92; Manaphēs 93; Weitzmann, Sinai, the Icons, 15.
  8. ↑ Manaphēs, Sinai: Treasures, 84; Robin Cormack, Oxford History of Art: Byzantine Art (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 66.
  9. ↑ Weitzmann, Sinai, the Icons, 15.
  10. ↑ Chatzidakis and Walters, “An Encaustic Icon,” 201.
  11. ↑ Cormack, Byzantine Art, 78-9; Manaphēs, Sinai: Treasures, 93.
  12. ↑ Chatzidakis and Walters, “An Encaustic Icon,” 202.
  13. ↑ Weitzmann, Sinai, the Icons, 14.
  14. ↑ Weitzmann, Sinai, the Icons, 13.
  15. ↑ Weitzmann, Sinai, the Icons, 13.
  16. ↑ Weitzmann, Sinai, the Icons, 13.
  17. ↑ Cormack, Byzantine Art, 111-2.
  18. ↑ Galey, Forsyth, Weitzmann, Sinai, 91.
  19. ↑ Galey, Forsyth, Weitzmann, Sinai, 92-3.
  20. ↑ Galey, Forsyth, Weitzmann, Sinai, 92.
  21. ↑ Kurt Weitzmann, “The Mosaic in St. Catherine’s Monastery on Mount Sinai,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 110, No. 6 (Dec. 1966): 405; Galey, Forsyth, Weitzmann, Sinai, 92; Manaphēs, Sinai: Treasures, 92.
  22. ↑ Weitzmann, “Mosaic in St. Catherine’s,” 392; Galey, Forsyth, Weitzmann, Sinai, 49.
  23. ↑ Galey, Forsyth, Weitzmann, Sinai, 99.

Bibliography

  • Chatzidakis, Manolis and Walters, Gerry. “An Encaustic Icon of Christ at Sinai.” The Art Bulletin 49, No. 3 (1967): 197-208.
  • Cormack, Robin. Oxford History of Art: Byzantine Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
  • Galey, John, Forsyth, George, and Weitzmann, Kurt. Sinai and the Monastery of St. Catherine. Givatayim, Israel: Massada, 1980.
  • Manaphēs, Kōnstantinos A. Sinai: Treasures of the Monastery of Saint Catherine. Athens: Ekdotike Athenon, 1990.
  • Weitzmann, Kurt. “The Mosaic in St. Catherine’s Monastery on Mount Sinai.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 110, No. 6 (Dec. 1966): 392-405.
  • Weitzmann, Kurt. The Monastery of Saint Catherine at Mount Sinai, the Icons. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1976.

Further reading

  • Coleman, Simon and Elsner, John. “The Pilgrim’s Progress: Art, Architecture and Ritual Movement at Sinai.” World Archaeology 26, No. 1 (1994): 73-89.
  • Nelson, Robert S., Collins, Kristen M., and J. Paul Getty Museum. Holy Image, Hallowed Ground: Icons from Sinai. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2006.
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