Chelsea Physic Garden

Coordinates: 51°29′6″N 0°9′46″W / 51.48500°N 0.16278°W / 51.48500; -0.16278

Chelsea Physic Garden, London
The garden in summer 2006.

The Chelsea Physic Garden was established as the Apothecaries' Garden in London, England, in 1673 by the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries to grow plants to be used as medicines.[1] This four acre physic garden, the term here referring to the science of healing, is among the oldest botanical gardens in Britain, after the University of Oxford Botanic Garden, which was founded in 1621 and the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh founded in 1670.

Its rock garden is the oldest English garden devoted to alpine plants. The largest fruiting olive tree in Britain is there, protected by the garden's heat-trapping high brick walls, along with what is doubtless the world's northernmost grapefruit growing outdoors. Jealously guarded during the tenure of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries, the Garden became in 1983 a registered charity[2] and was opened to the general public for the first time.

The garden is a member of the London Museums of Health & Medicine.[3] It is also Grade I listed in the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England by English Heritage.[4]

History

The garden with the house visible in the background.

The Worshipful Society of Apothecaries initially established the garden on a leased site of Sir John Danvers' well-established garden in Chelsea, London. This house, called Danvers House, adjoined the mansion that had once been the house of Sir Thomas More. Danvers House was pulled down in 1696 to make room for Danvers Street.

In 1713, Dr Hans Sloane purchased from Charles Cheyne the adjacent Manor of Chelsea, about 4 acres (1.6 ha), which he leased in 1722 to the Society of Apothecaries for £5 a year in perpetuity, requiring only that the Garden supply the Royal Society, of which he was a principal, with 50 good herbarium samples per year, up to a total of 2,000 plants.

That initiated the golden age of the Chelsea Physic Garden under the direction of Philip Miller (1722–1770), when it became the world's most richly stocked botanic garden. Its seed-exchange programme was established following a visit in 1682 from Paul Hermann, a Dutch botanist connected with the Hortus Botanicus Leiden and has lasted till the present day. The seed exchange program's most notable act may have been the introduction of cotton into the colony of Georgia and more recently, the worldwide spread of the Madagascar Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus).

Isaac Rand, a member and a fellow of the Royal Society published a condensed catalogue of the Garden in 1730, Index plantarum officinalium, quas ad materiae medicae scientiam promovendam, in horto Chelseiano. Elizabeth Blackwell's A Curious Herbal (1737–39) was illustrated partly from specimens taken from the Chelsea Physic Garden. Sir Joseph Banks worked with the head gardener and curator John Fairbairn during the 1780–1814 period. Fairbairn specialized in growing and cultivating plants from around the world.

Parts of this classic garden have been lost to road development – the river bank during 1874 construction of the Chelsea Embankment on the north bank of the River Thames, and a strip of the garden to allow widening of Royal Hospital Road. What remains is a 3.5 acres (1.4 ha) patch in the heart of London.[5]

As of, October 2017, the present chairman of the trust that manages the garden is Michael Prideaux.[6]

Current garden

As of October 2017 the garden included 5,000 plants, in areas such as:[7]

  • The Garden of Medicinal Plants
  • The Pharmaceutical Garden, with plants arranged according to the ailment they are used to treat
  • The Garden of World Medicine, with medicinal plants arranged by the culture which uses them
  • The Garden of Edible and Useful Plants
  • The World Woodland Garden

Associated people

Ensign of the garden.

References

Notes

  1. ↑ "History". Chelsea Physic Garden.
  2. ↑ Charity Commission. THE CHELSEA PHYSIC GARDEN COMPANY, registered charity no. 286513.
  3. ↑ "Medical Museums". medicalmuseums.org. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  4. ↑ "Chelsea Physic Garden, Kensington and Chelsea - 1000147". Historic England.
  5. ↑ Minter, Sue (1996). "Apothecaries' Garden". The History Press. ISBN 9780752495279.
  6. ↑ "Trustees". Chelsea Physic Garden. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  7. ↑ "Plant collections". Chelsea Physic Garden.

Further reading

  • Minter, Sue (2000). The Apothecaries' Garden. Great Britain. ISBN 978-0-7509-3638-5.
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