Sinapis arvensis

Sinapis arvensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Clade:Angiosperms
Clade:Eudicots
Clade:Rosids
Order:Brassicales
Family:Brassicaceae
Genus:Sinapis
Species: S. arvensis
Binomial name
Sinapis arvensis
Synonyms
  • Brassica arvensis (L.)
  • Brassica sinapis Vis.
  • Brassica sinapistrum Boiss.

Sinapis arvensis, the charlock mustard, field mustard, wild mustard or charlock, is an annual or winter annual plant of the genus Sinapis in the family Brassicaceae. It is found in the fields of North Africa, Asia and Europe. Pieris rapae, the small white butterfly, and Pieris napi, the green veined white butterfly are significant consumers of charlock during their larval stages.

Description

Seedpods
Seeds

Sinapis arvensis reaches on average 20–80 centimetres (7.9–31.5 in) of height, but under optimal conditions can exceed one metre. The stems are erect, branched and striated, with coarse spreading hairs especially near the base.[1] The leaves are petiolate (stalked) with a length of 1–4 centimetres (0.39–1.57 in). The basal leaves are oblong, oval, lanceolate, lyrate, pinnatifid to dentate, 4–18 centimetres (1.6–7.1 in) long, 2–5 centimetres (0.79–1.97 in) wide. The cauline leaves are much reduced and are short petiolate to sessile but not auriculate-clasping. It blooms from May to September, or May to August, in the UK.[2] The inflorescence is a raceme made up of yellow flowers having four petals.[2] The fruit is a silique 3–5 cm long with a beak 1–2 cm long that is flattened-quadrangular. The valves of the silique are glabrous or rarely bristly, three to five nerved. The seeds are dark red or brown,[1] smooth 1-1.5 mm in diameter.

Phytochemistry

It contains chemicals of the class glucosinolates, including sinalbin.[3] The seeds contain a plant hormone, Gibberellic acid, which effects the dormancy of the seeds.[4]

Taxonomy

It was formerly described by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in his seminal publication 'Species Plantarum' on page 668 in 1753.[5][6]

It is commonly known as charlock mustard,[7] field mustard,[8] wild mustard,[9] or charlock.[1][2]

Etymology

The genus name Sinapis derives from the Greek word "sinapi" meaning 'mustard'. The species name arvensis is a Latin adjective meaning 'from/of the field'.[10]

Distribution

A native of the Mediterranean basin, from temperate regions of North Africa, Europe and parts of Asia. It has also become naturalised throughout much of North America, South America, Australia, Japan and South Africa.[9]

Range

It is found in North Africa, within Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia. Within Asia, it is found in Arabian Peninsula (in Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates), Armenia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, the Caucasus, China, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Siberia, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. It is also found in tropical Pakistan. In eastern Europe, it is found within Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova and Ukraine. In middle Europe, it is in Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia and Switzerland. In northern Europe, in Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. In southeastern Europe, within Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia and Slovenia. Also in southwestern Europe, it is found in France, Portugal and Spain.[9]

Habitat

It grows in the plains and mountains, in pastures, fields, roadsides, waste places ( such as railways, tips and waste ground,[2]) and ruins, but mainly in cultivated places.[1] It prefers calcareous soils in sunny places, at an altitude of 0–1,400 metres (0–4,593 ft) above sea level.

Ecology

The flowers are pollinated by various bees like Andrena agilissima and flies (entomophily). Sinapis arvensis is the host plant of the caterpillars of some Lepidoptera, such as the small white, Pieris rapae. The seeds are toxic to most animals, except birds, and can cause gastrointestinal problems, especially if consumed in large quantities.

It is a highly invasive species in states such as California.[11]

Uses

The leaves of wild mustard are edible at the juvenile stage of the plant,[8] they are usually boiled.[2] Such as in 18th century, in Dublin, where it was sold in the streets.[1] During the Irish Potato Famine, wild mustard was a common famine food, even though it often caused stomach upset.[12][13][14] Once the seeds are ground, they produce a kind of mustard.[8]

A type of oil can be extracted from the seed which has been used for lubricating machinery.[2]

Varieties

It has a known accepted variety - Sinapis arvensis var. orientalis (L.) Koch & Ziz.[5]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain. Reader's Digest. 1981. p. 42. ISBN 9780276002175.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Charlock Sinapis arvensis". plantlife.org.uk. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  3. ↑ Popova, I.E.; Morra, M.J. (5 November 2014). "Simultaneous quantification of sinigrin, sinalbin, and anionic glucosinolate hydrolysis products in Brassica juncea and Sinapis alba seed extracts using ion chromatography". J Agric Food Chem. 62 (44): 10687–93. doi:10.1021/jf503755m. PMID 25314611.
  4. ↑ Edwards, Miriam (1976). "Dormancy in Seeds of Charlock (Sinapis arvensis L.)" (PDF). Plant Physiol. 58: 626–630. doi:10.1104/pp.58.5.626. PMC 542271. PMID 16659732. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
  5. 1 2 "Sinapis arvensis L. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org. 23 March 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  6. ↑ "Brassicaceae Sinapis arvensis L." ipni.org. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  7. ↑ "Sinapis arvensis". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  8. 1 2 3 "Wild Mustard". wildfooduk.com. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  9. 1 2 3 "Taxon: Sinapis arvensis L." ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  10. ↑ Archibald William Smith A Gardener's Handbook of Plant Names: Their Meanings and Origins, p. 46, at Google Books
  11. ↑ "Plant Assessment Form Sinapis arvensis". 7 August 2005. cal-ipc.org. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  12. ↑ McBride, Doreen (8 February 2018). "The Little Book of Fermanagh". History Press – via Google Books.
  13. ↑ Gribben, Arthur (1 March 1999). "The Great Famine and the Irish Diaspora in America". Univ of Massachusetts Press – via Google Books.
  14. ↑ "Holdings: Nettles and charlock as famine food". sources.nli.ie.
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