Cell mechanics

Cell mechanics is a sub-field of biophysics that focuses on the mechanical properties and behavior of living cells and how it relates to cell function.[1] It encompasses aspects of cell biophysics, biomechanics, soft matter physics and rheology, mechanobiology and cell biology. Researchers who study cell mechanics are interested in the mechanics and dynamics of the assemblies and structures that make up the cell including membranes, cytoskeleton, organelles, and cytoplasm, and how they interact to give rise to the emergent properties of the cell as a whole.[2]
A particular focus of many cell mechanical studies has been the cytoskeleton, which (in animal cells) can be thought to consist of:
1) actomyosin assemblies (F-actin, myosin motors, and associated binding, nucleating, capping, stabilizing, and crosslinking proteins),
2) microtubules and their associated motor proteins (kinesins and dyneins),
3) intermediate filaments,
4) other assemblies such as spectrins and septins.
The active and dynamic nature of cellular assemblies makes them particularly interesting materials to investigate.[3] The active non-equilibrium and non-linear rheological properties of cellular assemblies have been keen point of research in recent times.[4][5] Another point of interest has been how cell cycle-related changes in cytoskeletal activity affect global cell properties, such as intracellular pressure increase during mitotic cell rounding.[6]

Plant cell mechanics

Plant cell mechanics combines principles of biomechanics and mechanobiology to investigate the growth and shaping of the plant cells. Plant cells, similar to animal cells, respond to externally applied forces, such as by reorganization of their cytoskeletal network. The presence of a considerably rigid extracellular matrix, the cell wall, however, bestows the plant cells with a set of particular properties. Mainly, the growth of plant cells is controlled by the mechanics and chemical composition of the cell wall. Therefore, a major part of research in plant cell mechanics is put toward the measurement and modeling of the cell wall mechanics to understand how modification of its composition and mechanical properties affects the cell function, growth and morphogenesis.[7]
[8]

References

  1. ↑ Emad Moeendarbary and Andrew Harris (2014)."Cell mechanics: principles, practices, and prospects", Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Systems Biology and Medicine. doi:10.1002/wsbm.1275
  2. ↑ Fletcher, Daniel A; Mullins, Dyche (28 January 2010). "Cell mechanics and the cytoskeleton". Nature. 463: 485–492. doi:10.1038/nature08908. PMC 2851742. PMID 20110992.
  3. ↑ Kasza, Karen e; Rowat, Amy C; Liu, Jaiyu; Angelini, Thomas E; Brangwynne, Clifford P; Koenderink, Gijsje H; Weitz, David A (February 2007). "The cell as a material". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 16 (1): 101–107. doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2006.12.002.
  4. ↑ Mizuno, Daisuke; Tardin, Catherine; Schmidt, Christoph F; MacKintosh, Fred C (19 January 2007). "Nonequilibrium mechanics of active cytoskeletal networks". Science. 315: 370–373. doi:10.1126/science.1134404.
  5. ↑ Guo, Ming; Ehrlicher, Allen J; Jensen, Mikkel H; Renz, Malte; Moore, Jeffrey R; Goldman, Robert D; Lippincott-Schwartz, Jennifer; Mackintosh, Fred C; Weitz, David A (14 August 2014). "Probing the stochastic, motor-driven properties of the cytoplasm using force spectrum microscopy". Cell. 158 (4): 822–832. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.051. PMC 4183065. PMID 25126787.
  6. ↑ Stewart, Martin P; Helenius, Jonne; Toyoda, Yusuke; Ramanathan, Subramanian P; Muller, Daniel J; Hyman, Anthony A (2 January 2011). "Hydrostatic pressure and the actomyosin cortex drive mitotic cell rounding". Nature. 469: 226–230. doi:10.1038/nature09642. PMID 21196934.
  7. ↑ Bidhendi, Amir J; Geitmann, Anja (January 2016). "Relating the mechanics of the primary plant cell wall to morphogenesis" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Botany. 67 (2): 449–461. doi:10.1093/jxb/erv535. PMID 26689854.
  8. ↑ Bidhendi, Amir J; Geitmann, Anja (January 2018). "Finite element modeling of shape changes in plant cells" (PDF). Plant Physiology. 176 (1): 41–56. doi:10.1104/pp.17.01684. PMID 29229695.

See also


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