Semen collection

A breeding mount with built-in artificial vagina used to collect semen from horses for use in artificial insemination

Semen collection refers to the process of obtaining semen from male humans or other animals with the use of various methods, for the purposes of artificial insemination, or medical study (usually in fertility clinics). Semen can be collected via masturbation[1] (e. g., from stallions[2] and canids[3]), prostate massage, artificial vagina, penile vibratory stimulation (vibroejaculation) and electroejaculation.[4] Semen can be collected from endangered species for cryopreservation of genetic resources.[5]

By species

Humans

Methods of semen collection from humans include:

  • Masturbation, directing the sample into a clean cup.[6] This is the most common way to collect a semen sample.[6]
  • Sexual intercourse using a special type of condom known as a collection condom.[6] Collection condoms are made from silicone or polyurethane, as latex is somewhat harmful to sperm. Many men prefer collection condoms to masturbation, and some religions prohibit masturbation entirely. Adherents of religions that prohibit contraception may use collection condoms with holes pricked in them.[7] However, such samples are inferior to the ones collected by masturbation in clean cup.[8]

The best specimen is produced when a short period of 3–5 days of abstinence is observed. More prolonged period does not yield better results.[8]

Cattle

Horses [12]

Semen collection from Stallions to using it in Artificial Insemination, most common method use in collection semen is artificial vagina, after collect semen, it test and dilute then storage according to the way use, liquid or frozen. There are many kinds of extenders use in dilution semen, mostly contains energy and antibiotics in liquid extenders and protection from freezing (glycerol) in frozen semen. many studies to improve extenders, increase time for liquid semen storage and reduce or remove bacteria from semen[13]

Canids

Dogs

In order to collect semen from a male dog, an artificial vagina is prepared,[14][15] which is a conical thin latex sleeve ending in a sterile collection tube. The inside of the latex sleeve is lightly lubricated.[16] The male is allowed to sniff a female in estrus. Experienced studs cooperate readily in the process. New studs often require encouragement in the form of manual stimulation,[17][18] also known as "manual ejaculation".[19][20] Generally the male will mount the female, and the collector quickly directs the dog's penis into the latex sleeve. The male ejaculates and the semen is collected in the tube. The semen is then drawn up into a long thin pipette.[21][19] Prior to ejaculation, the penis is massaged inside its sheath. It is then extruded from its sheath, and the collector massages the dog's erect penis near the base of the bulbus glandis using the thumb and index finger. The dog begins pelvic thrusting movements at the onset of ejaculation.[22]

Wolves

Semen can be collected from a male gray wolf by grasping the wolf's penis with one hand and applying pressure to the wolf's back with the other hand.[23] Semen can also be collected from wolves via manual stimulation[24] or electroejaculation.[25][26][27][28][29]

See also

  • The men's rooms A British journalist takes a closer look at the phenomenon of semen collection.

Bibliography

  • I. Gordon (2004). Reproductive technologies in farm animals [electronic resource]. CABI. pp. 62–. ISBN 978-0-85199-049-1. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
  • Wilson G. Pond; Alan W. Bell (2005). Encyclopedia of Animal Science. Marcel Dekker. pp. 130–. ISBN 978-0-8247-5496-9. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
  • Deborah Reeder; Sheri Miller; DeeAnn Wilfong; Midge Leitch; Dana Zimmel (30 July 2012). AAEVT's Equine Manual for Veterinary Technicians. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-50482-6. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
  • Graham Munroe BVSc (Hons) PhD Cert EO DESM Dip ECVS FRCVS; Scott Weese DVM DVSc DipACVIM (15 March 2011). Equine Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Reproduction. Manson Publishing. pp. 334–. ISBN 978-1-84076-608-0. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
  • Juan C. Samper (2009). Equine Breeding Management and Artificial Insemination. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-1-4160-5234-0. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
  • Steven P. Brinsko; Terry L. Blanchard; Dickson D. Varner; James Schumacher; Charles C. Love (19 May 2010). Manual of Equine Reproduction. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 547–. ISBN 978-0-323-06513-9. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
  • Schmitt, D. L., and T. B. Hildebrandt. "Manual collection and characterization of semen from Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)." Animal reproduction science 53.1 (1998): 309-314.
  • Brown, Janine L., et al. "Successful artificial insemination of an Asian elephant at the National Zoological Park." Zoo Biology 23.1 (2004): 45-63.
  • Howard, JoGayle, et al. "Electroejaculation, semen characteristics and serum testosterone concentrations of free-ranging African elephants (Loxodonta africana)." Journal of reproduction and fertility 72.1 (1984): 187-195.

Semen collection from rhinoceroses

References

  1. ↑ P. F. Watson (1978). Artificial breeding of non-domestic animals: (the proceedings of a symposium held at the Zoological Society of London on 7 and 8 September 1977). Academic Press for the Zoological Society of London. ISBN 978-0-12-613343-1. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  2. ↑ Crump, Jim, and Julia Crump. "Stallion ejaculation induced by manual stimulation of the penis." Theriogenology 31.2 (1989): 341-346.
  3. ↑ Asa, C. S. "The importance of reproductive management and monitoring in canid husbandry and endangered‐species recovery." International Zoo Yearbook 44.1 (2010): 102-108.
  4. ↑ Lueders, I., et al. "Improved semen collection method for wild felids: urethral catheterization yields high sperm quality in African lions (Panthera leo)." Theriogenology 78.3 (2012): 696-701.
  5. ↑ Fickel, Jörns, Asja Wagener, and Arne Ludwig. "Semen cryopreservation and the conservation of endangered species." European Journal of Wildlife Research 53.2 (2007): 81-89.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Essig, Maria G. (2007-02-20). Susan Van Houten; Tracy Landauer, eds. "Semen Analysis". Healthwise. WebMD. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
  7. ↑ Kippley, John; Sheila Kippley (1996). The Art of Natural Family Planning (4th addition ed.). Cincinnati, OH: The Couple to Couple League. pp. 306–307. ISBN 0-926412-13-2.
  8. 1 2 3 Padubidri; Daftary (2011). Shaw's Textbook of Gynaecology, 15e. p. 203. ISBN 9788131225486
  9. ↑ "Fertility Center, Stockholm (translated from Swedish)". Archived from the original on 2012-08-30.
  10. ↑ Van Peperstraten, A.; Proctor, M. L.; Johnson, N. P.; Philipson, G. (2008-04-16). "Techniques for surgical retrieval of sperm prior to intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) for azoospermia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD002807. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002807.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 18425884.
  11. 1 2 Chehensse, C.; Bahrami, S.; Denys, P.; Clément, P.; Bernabé, J.; Giuliano, F. (2013). "The spinal control of ejaculation revisited: A systematic review and meta-analysis of anejaculation in spinal cord injured patients". Human Reproduction Update. 19 (5): 507–526. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmt029. PMID 23820516.
  12. ↑ "STALLION SEMEN COLLECTION USING A PHANTOM MARE".
  13. ↑ Al-Kass, Ziyad; Spergser, Joachim; Aurich, Christine; Kuhl, Juliane; Schmidt, Kathrin; Johannisson, Anders; Morrell, Jane M. (2017-12-21). "Sperm Quality during Storage Is Not Affected by the Presence of Antibiotics in EquiPlus Semen Extender but Is Improved by Single Layer Centrifugation". Antibiotics. 7 (1): 1. doi:10.3390/antibiotics7010001.
  14. ↑ Johnson, Dustie Lee. "Improving semen parameters through modification of semen collection/extension." (2011).
  15. ↑ Bartlett, D. J. "Studies on dog semen." Journal of reproduction and fertility 3.2 (1962): 173-189.
  16. ↑ Freshman, Joni L. "Semen collection and evaluation." Clinical techniques in small animal practice 17.3 (2002): 104-107.
  17. ↑ Veterinary Medicine. Veterinary Medicine Publishing Company. 1989. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  18. ↑ Vágenknechtová, M., et al. "THE INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FACTORS ON THE QUALITY OF SEMEN COLLECTION AND QUALITATIVE INDICATORS OF SEMEN IN THE DOG (CANIS FAMILIARIS)." ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 59: 0.
  19. 1 2 The Dog Breeder's Guide to Successful Breeding And Health Management. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2006. pp. 323–. ISBN 978-1-4160-3139-0. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
  20. ↑ Kutzler, Michelle Anne. "Semen collection in the dog." Theriogenology 64.3 (2005): 747-754.
  21. ↑ "Semen Collection from Dogs". Arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu. 2002-09-14. Archived from the original on 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2012-01-29.
  22. ↑ Edward C. Feldman; Richard William Nelson (2004). Canine and Feline Endocrinology and Reproduction. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0-7216-9315-6. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
  23. ↑ H. Frank (30 April 1987). Man and Wolf: Advances, Issues, and Problems in Captive Wolf Research. Springer. ISBN 978-90-6193-614-5. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  24. ↑ H. Frank (30 April 1987). Man and Wolf: Advances, Issues, and Problems in Captive Wolf Research. Springer. ISBN 978-90-6193-614-5. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
  25. ↑ Where Do Wolf Babies Come From? - - News - St. Louis - Riverfront Times
  26. ↑ Studies on Volf in Electro-ejaculation and Its Semen Characterization » Agricultural Science Paper Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine.
  27. ↑ Christensen, Bruce W., et al. "Effect of semen collection method on sperm motility of gray wolves ( Canis lupus) and domestic dogs ( C. l. familiaris)." Theriogenology 76.5 (2011): 975-980.
  28. ↑ Asa, C. S. "Cryopreservation of Mexican gray wolf semen." Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Assisted Reproductive Technology for the Conservation and Genetic Management of Wildlife. 2001.
  29. ↑ Thomassen, Ragnar, and W. Farstad. "Artificial insemination in canids: a useful tool in breeding and conservation." Theriogenology 71.1 (2009): 190-199.
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