California Institute of the Arts

California Institute
of the Arts
Type Private
Established 1961
Endowment $165 million (2017)
President Ravi Rajan
Academic staff
 366
Students 1447 (fall 2016)
Undergraduates 951
Postgraduates 490
6
Location Los Angeles County, Santa Clarita, California, United States
34°23′35″N 118°34′00″W / 34.39306°N 118.56667°W / 34.39306; -118.56667Coordinates: 34°23′35″N 118°34′00″W / 34.39306°N 118.56667°W / 34.39306; -118.56667
Campus Suburban, 60 acres (24 ha)
Nickname CalArts
Mascot Martian (unofficial)
Website Official website
CalArts
The Herb Alpert School of Music at CalArts
Main academic building.

The California Institute of the Arts, known by its nickname CalArts, is a private university located in Valencia, California. It was incorporated in 1961 as the first degree-granting institution of higher learning in the United States created specifically for students of both the visual and performing arts. It offers Bachelor of Fine Arts, Master of Fine Arts, Master of Arts, and Doctor of Musical Arts degrees among six schools: Art; Critical Studies; Dance; Film/Video; Music; and Theater.[1]

The school was first envisioned by many benefactors in the early 1960s, staffed by a diverse array of professionals (including Nelbert Murphy Chouinard, a founder of Chouinard Art Institute, Walt Disney, Lulu Von Hagen, Thornton Ladd and others).[2] CalArts students develop their own work, over which they retain control and copyright, in a workshop atmosphere.

As of 2017, the school has a 27.5% acceptance rate.[3] As of 2016, US News & World Report has CalArts ranked #9 of "Best Graduate Fine Arts Programs." [4]

History

CalArts was originally formed in 1961, as a merger of the Chouinard Art Institute (founded 1921) and the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music (founded 1883).[5] Both of the formerly existing institutions were going through financial difficulties around the same time, and the founder of the Art Institute, Nelbert Chouinard, was mortally ill. The professional relationship between Madame Chouinard and Walt Disney began in 1929 when Disney had no money and Madame Chouinard agreed to train Disney's first animators on a pay-later basis. It was through the vision of Disney, who discovered and trained many of his studio artists at Chouinard (including Mary Blair, Maurice Noble and some of the Nine Old Men, among others), that the merger of the two institutions was coordinated; the process continued after his death in 1966.[6] Joining him were his brother Roy O. Disney, Lulu Von Hagen and Thornton Ladd (Ladd & Kelsey, Architects), of the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music. The original board of trustess at CalArts included Harrison Price, Royal Clark, Robert W. Corrigan, Roy E. Disney, Roy O. Disney, film producer Z. Wayne Griffin, H. R. Haldeman, Ralph Hetzel (then vice-president of Motion Picture Association of America), Chuck Jones, Ronald Miller, Millard Sheets, attorney Maynard Toll, bank executive G. Robert Truex Jr. , Jerry Wexler, Meredith Willson, Peter McBean and Scott Newhall (descendants of Henry Newhall), and the wives of Roswell Gilpatric, J.L. Hurschler, Richard R. Von Hagen.[7]

In 1965, the Alumni Association was founded as a nonprofit organization and was governed by a 12-member board of directors to serve the best interests of the institute and its programs. Members included leading professional artists and musicians, who contributed their knowledge, experience and skill to strengthen the institute. The 12 founding board of directors members were Mary Costa, Edith Head, Gale Storm, Marc Davis, Tony Duquette, Harold Grieve, John Hench, Chuck Jones, Henry Mancini, Marty Paich, Nelson Riddle and Millard Sheets.

The ground-breaking for CalArts' current campus took place May 3, 1969. However, construction of the new campus was hampered by torrential rains, labor troubles and the earthquake in 1971. CalArts moved to its present campus in the Valencia section of the city of Santa Clarita, California in November 1971. From the beginning, CalArts was plagued by the tensions between its art and trade school functions as well as between the non-commercial aspirations of the students and faculty and the conservative interests of the Disney family and trustees. The founding board of trustees originally planned on creating CalArts as a school in an entertainment complex, a destination like Disneyland, and a feeder school for the industry.[8] Such a model is exemplified in the 1941 Disney film The Reluctant Dragon. In an ironic turn of fate, they appointed Dr. Robert W. Corrigan as the first president of the Institute.

Corrigan, former dean of the School of Arts at New York University fired almost all the artists and teachers from Chouinard in his attempt to remake CalArts into his personal vision. Herbert Blau was hired as the Institute's provost and dean of the School of Theater and Dance. Subsequently, Blau was instrumental in hiring a number of professionals like Mel Powell (dean of the School of Music), Paul Brach (dean of the School of Art), Alexander Mackendrick (dean of the School of Film/Video), sociologist Maurice R. Stein (dean of Critical Studies), and Richard Farson (dean of the School of Design; now integrated in the Art school as the Graphic Design program), as well as other influential program heads and teachers such as Stephan von Huene, Allan Kaprow, Bella Lewitzky, Michael Asher, Jules Engel, John Baldessari, Judy Chicago, Ravi Shankar, Max Kozloff, Miriam Shapiro, Douglas Huebler, Morton Subotnick, Norman M. Klein and Nam June Paik most of whom largely came from a counterculture and avant-garde side of the art world. The fundamental principles established at the Institute by Blau and the late Corrigan included ideas like “no technique in advance of need,” and that a curriculum should be cyclical rather than sequential, returning to root principles at regular intervals, and that “we’re a community of artists here, some of us called faculty and some called students."[9]

Corrigan held his position until 1972, when he was replaced by William S. Lund, a Disney son-in-law. Within a month of Lund's tenure as president, 55 of CalArts' 325 faculty and staff were fired. Structured schedules were introduced. Classes were trimmed back and, within a year, the Institute was operating on budget. Some credit Lund with saving CalArts. Others see his tenure as the end of an idealistic experiment.[10] In 1975, Robert J. Fitzpatrick was appointed new president of CalArts. Holding this position for 12 years, in 1987 Fitzpatrick resigned as president to head Euro Disney in Paris. Nicholas England, former dean of the School of Music, was appointed acting president. One year later, Steven Lavine, associate director for arts and humanities at the Rockefeller Foundation, was named new president.

On June 24, 2015 Steven D. Lavine announced he would step down as President of the California Institute of the Arts in May 2017, after an unprecedented 29-year tenure.[11] Concluding a search with over 500 candidates, the CalArts Board of Directors announced on December 13, 2016 that Ravi S. Rajan,[12] Dean of the School of the Arts at the State University of New York at Purchase was unanimously elected as President, to begin in June 2017.[13]

Beginning in the summer of 1987, CalArts became the host of the state-funded California State Summer School for the Arts (CSSSA) program. It began as a program to nurture talented high school students in the fields of animation, creative writing, dance, film and video, music, theatre arts, and visual arts. CalArts expanded on the concept by creating the Community Arts Partnership in 1990. While CSSSA is open to qualifying California students, CAP, as it is commonly known, is a service provided to students living within underprivileged communities in the Los Angeles County school system. Many CalArts faculty and students mentor the high school students in both programs.

In 1994, Herb Alpert, a professional musician and admirer of the Institute, established the Alpert Awards in the Arts in collaboration with CalArts and his nonprofit the Herb Alpert Foundation. While the foundation provides the award for winning recipients, the school's faculty in the fields film/new media, visual arts, theatre, dance, and music select artists in their field to nominate an individual artist who is recognized for their innovation in their given medium. Recipients of this award are required to stay for a week as visiting artists at CalArts and mentor students studying their metier. In 2008, CalArts renamed the School of Music in his name, courtesy of a $15 million donation.

Over the years, the school has also developed on-campus, interdisciplinary laboratories, such as the Center for Experiments in Art, Information, and Technology, Center for Integrated Media, Center for New Performance at CalArts, and the Cotsen Center for Puppetry and the Arts.

Academics

CalArts offers degree programs in music, art, dance, film and video, animation, theater, puppetry, and writing. Students receive intensive professional training in the area of their career purpose without being cast into a rigid pattern. Its focus is in interdisciplinary, contemporary art, and the Institute's stated mission is to develop professional artists of tomorrow- artists who will change their field. With these goals in place, the Institute encourages students to recognize the complexity of political, social and aesthetic questions and to respond to them with informed, independent judgment.[14]

Admission

Every school within the Institute requires that applicants send in an artist's statement, along with a portfolio or audition (depending on the Program) in order to be considered for admission. The school does not review an applicant's SAT scores without consent of the applicant, and does not consider an applicant's GPA as part of the admission process.

In a 2016 interview, design program faculty member Michael Worthington was asked "What kinds of students do best at CalArts?, to which he responded, Energetic, enthusiastic, self-motivated, fast learners, idiosyncratic aesthetes, verbal and visual adventurers, risk takers, those who are smart and vocal with a critical eye for their own work and the work of others. Having technical, formal and typographical skills helps, but we can teach those things. Raw intelligence and criticality and an adventurous side matter more at the start. Above all, the students that do best are those that are committed to design and who are willing to put the time and energy into their own development and learning."[15]

Conception and foundation

The initial concept behind CalArts' interdisciplinary approach came from Richard Wagner's idea of Gesamtkunstwerk ("total artwork"), which Disney himself was fond of and explored in a variety of forms, beginning with his own studio, then later in the incorporation of CalArts. He began with the classic Disney film Fantasia (1940), where animators, dancers, composers, and artists alike collaborated. In 1952, Walt Disney Imagineering was founded, where Disney integrated artists from his animation studio and elsewhere, as well as formally trained engineers and achieved creative critical mass in the development of Disneyland. He believed that the same concept that developed WDI, could also be applied to a university setting, where art students of different mediums would be exposed to and explore a wide range of creative directions. Disney himself has stated of his memorial school:

Schools and programs

Schools and degree programs available at CalArts include:

  • School of Art: Fine Arts, Graphic Design, Photography and Media, Art and Technology
  • School of Critical Studies: MFA Writing, MA in Aesthetics and Politics
  • School of Film/Video: Film and Video, Experimental Animation, Character Animation (BFA), Film Directing (MFA)
  • The Herb Alpert School of Music: DMA Composer-Performer, Composition, Composition for New Media/Experimental Sound Practices (ESP) (MFA), Performer/Composer, Performer/Composer: African American, Improvisational Music (MFA), Music Technology (BFA and MFA), Performance, Musical Arts (BFA), World Music (BFA and MFA), VoiceARTS (BFA and MFA)[19]
  • School of Theater: Acting, Directing (MFA), Writing for Performance (MFA), Puppetry (MFA), Design and Production: Costume Design, Lighting Design, Producing (MFA), Stage Management, Production Management (MFA), Scene Design, Sound Design, Video for Performance (MFA), Technical Direction, Scenic Painting, (MFA).
  • The Sharon Disney Lund School of Dance: Dance (BFA), Choreography (MFA)

Facilities

Walt Disney Modular Theatre

The Walt Disney Modular Theatre is an indoor performance space located within the California Institute of the Arts.

Funded by Lillian Disney, who lent support to Walt's venture into education, her gift to the school to remodel a campus theater and rename it the Walt Disney Modular Theatre in 1993. The modular theater is based on a concept suggested by Antonin Artaud, who asserted that the ideal theater could be reconfigured for each and every new performance or play. When Walt Disney founded his Institute of the Arts, he requested suggestions from leaders in various artistic fields as to what would be the ideal tools for advancing the study and practice of their medium. One of the overwhelmingly popular suggestions from the theater community was a modular theater as suggested by Artaud. Disney had the Modular Theatre incorporated as the central performance space of his Institute. It was the first of its kind constructed, and remains one of only five in the world.

The chief feature of the theater is a segmented floor, divided into 348 4'x4' square platforms, each mounted on its own independent pneumatic pistons, allowing the floor to be reconfigured into whatever shape is desired. The theater is also composed of segmented pieces, so that walls can also be easily reconfigured, creating a virtually limitless number of possibilities in design. The theater is two stories tall from floor to ceiling—the pneumatic pistons reach another story down into the CalArts library, where they are a dominating architectural feature. There are doors on all sides of the theater so that the audience can be made to enter from whatever direction the artists choose. The theater can be divided into several playing spaces, the audience can be separated into several sections, and any combination of levels and directions can be used. The theater can also be configured into an environmental space, with the audience moving through multiple locations in the course of a show, or being presented with a virtual environment rather than one in which they are separate from the performance.

The Walt Disney Modular Theater is employed year-round by students and faculty at the CalArts, primarily those in the schools of Theater, Dance, and Music. Though the idea of modular theater has fallen out of fashion, in favor of environmental theater and the resurgence of proscenium spectacle theater, the theater remains in use, run by the Technical Direction Department, including both students and faculty.

It was designed by Fisher Dachs Associates, a collaboration between the Dean of the Theater School, Herbert Blau, lighting designer Jules Fisher, and Thornton Ladd (Ladd & Kelsey, Architects).

A113

A113 is an Easter egg that has been inserted into several animated television shows and feature films as a homage to a classroom at CalArts.

Roy and Edna Disney CalArts Theater at Walt Disney Concert Hall

In 2003, CalArts established a performance theater in downtown Los Angeles called REDCAT, the Roy and Edna Disney CalArts Theater at Walt Disney Concert Hall. The Center for New Performance, the professional producing arm of the CalArts Theater School, brings works to the space from both student and professional artists and musicians.

Wild Beast

In fall 2009, the Institute opened an on-campus music pavilion, known as the "Wild Beast". The 3,200-square-foot (300 m2), free-standing structure serves as a space for classrooms and combined indoor-outdoor performance space. CalArts' President Steven Lavine has stated, “The core demand is that our Herb Alpert School of Music has doubled in size in the last decade; when we have guest artists, there is no place for them to perform—And the second reason was to allow enough space for the general public to attend [...]”[20]

John Baldessari Art Studio Building

In 2013, CalArts opened its John Baldessari Art Studio Building, which cost $3.1 million to build and features approximately 7,000 square feet of space—much of it used as studio space for art students and faculty.[21]

Notable alumni, faculty, and visiting artists

Honorary degrees

CalArts confers honorary Doctor of Arts degrees to artists who have consistently represented the bold innovation and visionary creativity championed by the Institute, and who have each made extraordinary contributions to contemporary arts and culture. A list of past honorary degree recipients, include:

Critical reception and cultural influence

In 2011, Newsweek/The Daily Beast listed CalArts as the top school for arts-minded students. The ranking was not aimed to assess the country's best art school, but rather to assess campuses that offer an exceptional artistic atmosphere.[22][23]

In 1969, during the groundbreaking ceremony of the Valencia campus, as Lillian Disney turned over the first shovel full of soil, director Bob Clampett stood behind her mugging for the flashing cameras.[24]

Several students who attended CalArts' animation programs in the 1970s eventually found work at Walt Disney Animation Studios, and several of those went on to successful careers at Disney, Pixar, and other animation studios. In March 2014, Vanity Fair magazine highlighted the success of CalArts' 1970s animation alumni and briefly profiled several (including Jerry Rees, John Lasseter, Tim Burton, John Musker, Brad Bird, Gary Trousdale, Kirk Wise, Henry Selick and Nancy Beiman) in an article illustrated with a group portrait taken by photographer Annie Leibovitz inside classroom A113.[25]

In the late eighties, a group of CalArts animation students contacted animation director Ralph Bakshi. As he was in the process of moving to New York, they persuaded him to stay in Los Angeles to continue to produce adult animation.[26] Bakshi then got the production rights to the cartoon character Mighty Mouse. By Bakshi's request, Tom Minton and John Kricfalusi then went to the CalArts campus to recruit the best talent from what was the recent group of graduates. They hired Jeff Pidgeon, Rich Moore, Carole Holiday, Andrew Stanton and Nate Kanfer to work on the then-new Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures television series.[27]

In an interview, Craig "Spike" Decker of Spike and Mike's Festival of Animation commented on the work of independent animator Don Hertzfeldt stating that Hertzfeldt demonstrated good instincts coupled with his lack of interest in the world of commerce. In making a comparison, Decker made a reference to CalArts stating: "A lot of animators come out of CalArts — they could be so prolific, but then they're owned by Disney or someone, and they're painting the fins on the Little Mermaid. You'll never see their full potential".[28]

Thurston Moore and Kim Gordon, members of the band Sonic Youth, remarked in an interview with VH1 about the band Liars, of which Angus Andrew and Julian Gross are CalArts luminaries. Moore's initial remarks were: "There's this whole world of young people who [think] everything's allowed. What Liars are doing right now is completely crazy. I saw them the other night and it was really great. It's really out-there". Gordon then stated "I'm not so crazy about the way [the Liars' They Were Wrong, So We Drowned] sounds. It's like 'how lo-fi can we make it?' But I think the content is really good". In reference to CalArts and Gordon's statement, Moore lastly remarked "They're art kids. They came out of CalArts and that's the kind of sensibility you have when you come out of these sort of places."[29]

In the LA Weekly op-ed piece "The Kids Aren’t All Right: Is over-education killing young artists?", published in 2005, curator Aaron Rose wrote about an observed trend he recognized in Los Angeles's most esteemed art schools and their MFA programs, including CalArts. He uses the example of Supersonic, "a large exhibition […] that features the work of MFA students from esteemed area programs like CalArts, Art Center, UCLA, etc." In his observation of the showcase he examined, "[...] the work left me mostly empty and with a few exceptions seemed like nothing more than a rehash of conceptual ideas that were mined years ago." He went on to state that "these institutions are staffed with amazing talents (Mike Kelley and John Baldessari among them). Legions of creative young people flock to our city [Los Angeles] every year to work alongside their heroes and develop their talents with hopes of making it as an artist." He goes on to further state "What happens too often in these situations, though, is that we find young artists simply emulating their instructors, rather than finding and honing their own aesthetics and points of view about the world, society, themselves. In the beginnings of an artist’s career, the power in his or her work should lie not in their technique or knowledge of art history or theory or business acumen, but in what one has to say."[30]

Contemporary artist Amanda Charchian was asked in an interview what she disliked about going to art school. In her response, she noted, "Most of my teachers came from the 1970′s CalArts conceptual art world, so they had us deconstruct everything we did in terms of the material being the message (Truth to materials). So if I used marble it had to be about social class, ancient sculpture, heaviness, etc. There was this idea that there’s nothing in the work that couldn’t relate to why you made it. Intuition was never enough of a reason."[31]

CalArts graduates have joined or started successful pop bands, including: The Belle Brigade, The Weirdos, Bedroom Walls, Beelzabubba, Dawn of Midi, The Rippingtons, Fitz and The Tantrums, Fol Chen, London After Midnight, No Doubt, Mission of Burma, Radio Vago, Oingo Boingo,Secret Circuit, Liars, The Mae Shi, Ozomatli, and Jack Ruby.

Today, CalArts is recognized alongside Black Mountain College and the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design as one of the truly successful experiments in American arts education.[32]

Pixar University

Pixar University is an in-house professional-development program within Pixar that expands the concept of employee education by broadening its focus from skills training to a more general fine-arts education.[33] It is speculated to be based on the educational model of CalArts. The program offers more than 110 courses: a complete filmmaking curriculum, classes on painting, drawing, sculpting and creative writing, which usually last four to sixteen weeks. These classes are available not only for animators, but everyone, from the security guard to cafeteria chef.[34] In this setting, employees are allowed to miss work for a full slate in classes (about 14 per week) to raise the level of the best, cross-train, and develop mastery in whatever subjects may interest them. The vision behind the university is for employees to try new things, work together better and test new ideas, but one of the most important benefits from the program is to build morale, spirit and communication among employees. The dean of Pixar University, Randy S. Nelson, explains: "We've made the leap from an idea-centered business to a people-centered business. Instead of developing ideas, we develop people. Instead of investing in ideas, we invest in people. We're trying to create a culture of learning, filled with lifelong learners. It's no trick for talented people to be interesting, but it's a gift to be interested. We want an organization filled with interested people.".[34]

Controversy

Rape allegations

On August 29, 2014 a freshman student identified as Regina filed a Title IX complaint against CalArts, regarding CalArts' improper response to her reported rape by a classmate. According to Aljazeera, the CalArts administration mishandled the investigation, including questioning the victim, "...ask[ing] her questions about her drinking habits, how often she partied, the length of her dress, how oral rape was even possible, whether she climaxed and whether climaxing was an issue when she'd been with her alleged rapist before." She was subjected to retaliation from friends of the perpetrator and the CalArts administration failed to curb said retaliation. Regina filed a complaint against CalArts with the Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights, and on September 30, CalArts was under federal investigation for how it handles sexual violence. The perpetrator, who was suspended for a year, was slated to return to CalArts in fall 2015.[35] CalArts students later walked out of their classes and protested in solidarity with the victim on October 23, after the story had broken, later initiating a student-led meeting to discuss the issue of sexual assault.[36][37][38]

See also

References

  1. ↑ https://calarts.edu/academics
  2. ↑ Rushkoff, Douglas (1995). Media Virus: Hidden Agendas in Popular Culture. Ballantine Books. p. 102. ISBN 0-345-39774-6.
  3. ↑ https://calarts.edu/about/institute/facts-and-figures
  4. ↑ https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-fine-arts-schools/fine-arts-rankings
  5. ↑ "CalArts: History".
  6. ↑ "The Roots of CalArts". Los Angeles Times. April 29, 1990. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  7. ↑ "Program: CalArts Groundbreaking".
  8. ↑ "Interview with Tom Lawson, Dean of CalArts School of Art, January 2007".
  9. ↑ "Robert Benedetti-Acceptance speech for athe career achievement award".
  10. ↑ Wharton, David (April 15, 1990). "A Tradition of Tradition-Be-Damned". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
  11. ↑ "CalArts President Steven D. Lavine to Step Down in Spring of 2017". Los Angeles Times. 2014-06-24.
  12. ↑ "Introducing the next President at CalArts — Ravi Rajan". Introducing the next President at CalArts. Retrieved 2016-12-15.
  13. ↑ Miranda, Carolina A. "CalArts names Ravi Rajan president, the first Asian American to be named to the post". latimes.com. Retrieved 2016-12-15.
  14. ↑ "CalArts Statement". for "The Alpert Award in the Arts".
  15. ↑ "School Profile: CalArts". Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  16. ↑ "CalArts 30th Anniversary speech" (PDF).
  17. ↑ ""What about an Integrated School? What would Walt say?", CalArts Newspaper, March 2000". Archived from the original on 2003-07-07.
  18. ↑ "The Birth of Animation Training". Archived from the original on 28 October 2004. Retrieved 26 November 2006.
  19. ↑ https://music.calarts.edu/programs-specializations/voicearts
  20. ↑ "CalArts is adding a Wild Beast to its menagerie". Los Angeles Times. February 7, 2009. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  21. ↑ David Ng (November 29, 2013), CalArts names new art studio building after John Baldessari Archived February 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Los Angeles Times.
  22. ↑ Ziemba, Christine N. (March 2014). "Newsweek/Daily Beast Ranks CalArts as Nation's Most 'Artistic' College". CalArts 24700. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
  23. ↑ Ng, David (August 2011). "CalArts named top school for arts-minded students". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
  24. ↑ Sito, Tom (September 2006). "Walt's Jalopy: Animator Training through the Decades". Animation World Network. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
  25. ↑ Kashner, Sam (August 2011). "The Class That Roared". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
  26. ↑ Wharton, David (July 27, 1988). "Ralph Bakshi Works Still Getting People Animated". LA Times. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  27. ↑ Hill, Scott (January 5, 2010). "Q&A: Toon Titan John Kricfalusi Hails Mighty Mouse Rebirth". Wired Magazine.
  28. ↑ Timberg, Scott (February 2002). "Don Hertzfeldt is the most inventive underground animator in America. Will he ever make his peace with Hollywood?". New Times L.A. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  29. ↑ Bottomley, C. (May 2004). "Sonic Youth: Medicine For Your Ear". VH1.com. Archived from the original on May 8, 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  30. ↑ Rose, Aaron (October 27, 2005). "The Kids Aren't All Right". LA Weekly. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
  31. ↑ Kathan, Emma. "Interview with Artist Amanda Charchian" Archived January 7, 2015, at the Wayback Machine., Psychic Gloss Magazine Retrieved on 9 March 2015.
  32. ↑ ""CalArts @ Moma", CalArts F/V website". Archived from the original on June 20, 2006.
  33. ↑ Hempel, Jessi (June 2003). "Pixar University: Thinking Outside The Mouse". SF Gate. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  34. 1 2 Taylor, William C. (January 2006). "How Pixar Adds a New School of Thought to Disney". NY Times. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  35. ↑ Gordon, Claire (October 2014). "CalArts to alleged rape victim: How long was your dress?". Aljazeera America. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  36. ↑ Song, Jason (October 2014). "CalArts students protest school's handling of rape allegations". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  37. ↑ Jahad, Shirley (October 2014). "CalArts students protest handling of rape cases". 89.3 KPCC. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  38. ↑ Heddaya, Mostafa (October 2014). "After Walkout, CalArts Students Organize Against Administration". Hyperallergic. Retrieved 17 October 2016.

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