South American common toad

South American common toad
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Amphibia
Order:Anura
Family:Bufonidae
Genus:Rhinella
Species: R. margaritifera
Binomial name
Rhinella margaritifera
(Laurenti, 1768)
Synonyms

Bufo margaritifer (Laurenti, 1768)

The South American common toad (Rhinella margaritifera; also mitred toad, in Spanish sapo crestado) is a species complex of toads in the family Bufonidae. They are found throughout the Amazonian South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela) and eastern Panama.[2] It was originally believed to be a single species, but is now known to represent a complex of more than one.[1][2]

Its natural habitats are primary and secondary lowland, premontane and montane tropical moist forests (including terra firme and seasonally flooded forests). It is a generalist species that can also be found in disturbed areas.[1]

Member species

As of 2013, there were 16 formally described species within this complex, as well as an unknown number that are yet to be recognized.[3]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Frank Solís; Roberto Ibáñez; César Jaramillo; Querube Fuenmayor; Débora Silvano; Luis A. Coloma; Enrique La Marca; Santiago Ron; Marinus Hoogmoed (2010). "Rhinella margaritifera". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2010: e.T54701A11185916. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T54701A11185916.en. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  2. 1 2 Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Rhinella margaritifera (Laurenti, 1768)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
  3. ↑ Lavilla, E. O.; Caramaschi, U.; Langone, J. A.; Pombal Jr., J. P. & de Sá, R. O. (2013). "The identity of Rana margaritifera Laurenti, 1768 (Anura, Bufonidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3646: 251–264.


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