Brain simulation

Brain simulation is the concept of creating a functioning computer model of a brain or part of a brain. Modelling a brain (or brain subsystem) involves both modelling neurons' electrical and bulk chemical properties (e.g. extracellular serotonin gradients). A model of the neural connectome of the target organism is also required. The connectome is extremely complex, and its detailed wiring is not yet understood; thus it is presently being modeled empirically in smaller mammals by projects like the Blue Brain Project.

The Blue Brain Project intends to create a computer simulation of a mammalian cortical column down to the molecular level. By one estimate, a full reconstruction of the human connectome using the methodology of the Blue Brain Project would require a zettabyte of data storage. In 2013, Human Brain Project created a Brain Simulation Platform (BSP), which is an internet-accessible collaborative platform designed for the simulation of brain models. The Human Brain Project has utilized techniques used by the Blue Brain Project and built upon them.[1]

Brain simulation projects intend to contribute to a complete understanding of the brain, and eventually assist the process of treating and diagnosing brain diseases.[2]

Caenorhabditis elegans (roundworm)

Brain map of the C. elegans roundworm 302 neurons, interconnected by 5000 synapses

The connectivity of the neural circuit for touch sensitivity of the simple C. elegans nematode (roundworm) was mapped in 1985[3] and partly simulated in 1993.[4] Since 2004, many software simulations of the complete neural and muscular system have been developed, including simulation of the worm's physical environment. Some of these models have been made available for download.[5][6] However, there is still a lack of understanding of how the neurons and the connections between them generate the surprisingly complex range of behaviors that are observed in the relatively simple organism.[7][8] This contrast between the apparent simplicity of how the mapped neurons interact with their neighbours, and exceeding complexity of the overall brain function, is an example of an emergent property. [9] This kind of emergent property is paralleled within artificial neural networks, the neurons of which are exceedingly simple compared to their often complex, abstract outputs.

Drosophila neural system

The brain of the fruit fly, Drosophila, has also been thoroughly studied. A simulated model of the fruit fly's brain offers a unique model of sibling neurons.[10]

Mouse brain mapping and simulation

Henry Markram mapped the types of neurons within the mouse brain and their connections between 1995 and 2005.

In December 2006,[11] the Blue Brain project completed a simulation of a rat's neocortical column. The neocortical column is considered the smallest functional unit of the neocortex. The neocortex is the part of the brain thought to be responsible for higher-order functions like conscious thought, and contains 10,000 neurons in the rat brain (and 108 synapses). In November 2007,[12] the project reported the end of its first phase, delivering a data-driven process for creating, validating, and researching the neocortical column.

An artificial neural network described as being "as big and as complex as half of a mouse brain"[13] was run on an IBM Blue Gene supercomputer by the University of Nevada's research team in 2007. Each second of simulated time took ten seconds of computer time. The researchers claimed to observe "biologically consistent" nerve impulses that flowed through the virtual cortex. However, the simulation lacked the structures seen in real mice brains, and they intend to improve the accuracy of the neuron and synapse models.[14]

Blue Brain and the rat

Blue Brain is a project that was launched in May 2005 by IBM and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne. The intention of the project was to create a computer simulation of a mammalian cortical column down to the molecular level.[15] The project uses a supercomputer based on IBM's Blue Gene design to simulate the electrical behavior of neurons based upon their synaptic connectivity and ion permeability. The project seeks to eventually reveal insights into human cognition and various psychiatric disorders caused by malfunctioning neurons, such as autism, and to understand how pharmacological agents affect network behavior.

Human Brain Project

The Human Brain Project (HBP) is a 10-year program of research funded by the European Union. It began in 2013 and employs around 500 scientists across Europe. It includes 6 platforms:

  • Neuroinformatics (shared databases),
  • Brain Simulation
  • High-Performance Analytics and Computing
  • Medical Informatics (patient database)
  • Neuromorphic Computing (brain-inspired computing)
  • Neurorobotics (robotic simulations).

The Brain Simulation Platform (BSP) is a device for internet-accessible tools, which allows investigations that are not possible in the laboratory. They are applying Blue Brain techniques to other brain regions, such as the cerebellum, hippocampus, and the basal ganglia.[16]

References

  1. ↑ Human Brain Project, Framework Partnership Agreement https://www.humanbrainproject.eu/documents/10180/538356/FPA++Annex+1+Part+B/41c4da2e-0e69-4295-8e98-3484677d661f
  2. ↑ "Neuroinformatics and The Blue Brain Project". Informatics from Technology Networks. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
  3. ↑ Chalfie M; Sulston JE; White JG; Southgate E; Thomson JN; et al. (April 1985). "The neural circuit for touch sensitivity in Caenorhabditis elegans". The Journal of Neuroscience. 5 (4): 956–64. PMID 3981252.
  4. ↑ Niebur E; Erdös P (November 1993). "Theory of the locomotion of nematodes: control of the somatic motor neurons by interneurons". Mathematical Biosciences. 118 (1): 51–82. doi:10.1016/0025-5564(93)90033-7. PMID 8260760.
  5. ↑ Bryden, J.; Cohen, N. (2004). Schaal, S.; Ijspeert, A.; Billard, A.; Vijayakumar, S.; et al., eds. A simulation model of the locomotion controllers for the nematodode Caenorhabditis elegans. From Animals to Animats 8: Proceedings of the eighth international conference on the Simulation of Adaptive Behaviour. pp. 183–92.
  6. ↑ C. Elegans simulation, Open source software project at Github
  7. ↑ Mark Wakabayashi Archived May 12, 2013, at the Wayback Machine., with links to MuCoW simulation software, a demo video and the doctoral thesis Computational Plausibility of Stretch Receptors as the Basis for Motor Control in C. elegans, 2006.
  8. ↑ Mailler, R.; Avery, J.; Graves, J.; Willy, N. (7–13 March 2010). "A Biologically Accurate 3D Model of the Locomotion of Caenorhabditis Elegans". 2010 International Conference on Biosciences (PDF). pp. 84–90. doi:10.1109/BioSciencesWorld.2010.18. ISBN 978-1-4244-5929-2.
  9. ↑ "How does complex behavior spontaneously emerge in the brain?". Retrieved 2018-02-27.
  10. ↑ Arena, P.; Patane, L.; Termini, P.S.; An insect brain computational model inspired by Drosophila melanogaster: Simulation results, The 2010 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN).
  11. ↑ "Project Milestones". Blue Brain. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
  12. ↑ "News and Media information". Blue Brain. Archived from the original on 2008-09-19. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
  13. ↑ "Supercomputer Mimics Mouse's Brain". Huffington Post. 2008-03-28. Retrieved 2018-06-05.
  14. ↑ "Mouse brain simulated on computer". BBC News. 27 April 2007.
  15. ↑ Herper, Matthew (June 6, 2005). "IBM Aims To Simulate A Brain". Forbes. Retrieved 2006-05-19.
  16. ↑ "Brain Simulation Platform". Human Brain Project. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
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