Bosnian Muslim paramilitary units
Bosnian Muslim paramilitary units, that is, militias or paramilitary units made up of Bosnian Muslims (Bosniaks) and espousing a Bosnian nationalist or Islamic ideology active in war.
World War II
During World War II, Bosnian Muslims established numerous self-defense units. Organizers of individual groups were Muhamed Hadžiefendić, Avdaga Hasić, Hasan Gondžić, Nešad Topčić, Džemal Tanović, Omer Čengić, Avdo Ferizbegović, Ismet Bektašević, Edhem Efendić, Zulfo Dumanjić and Ibrahim Pjanić.[1] These units are commonly known as Muslim militias,[2] Bosnian: muslimanske milicije.[3] Hoare describes them as "Muslim quisling armed formations".[4] Most militias supported the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), a fascist puppet state of Nazi Germany governed by the Ustaše. These were mostly put under the command of the Croatian Home Guard (HD).
- Hadžiefendić Legion, HD unit based in Tuzla, active December 1941–May 1943, 5,000–6,000 members, led by Muhamed Hadžiefendić
- Green cadres, independent units based in Sarajevo, Foča, Tuzla, Bihać, active December 1941–1943, 8,000 members, led by Nešad Topčić
- Huska's militia, independent unit based in Bosanska Krajina, active October 1943–May 1944, 3,000 members, led by Husein Miljković
- Zvornik Muslim militia, led by Ismet Bektašević.[5]
- Srebrenica[5] or Bratunac[6] Muslim militia, led by Edhem Efendić.[5][6]
- Rogatica Muslim militia, led by Zulfo Dumanjić.[6][5]
- Sokolac Muslim militia, led by Ibrahim Pjanić.[5] After Tuzla's fall in 1943, Pjanić established a "Green cadre".
Bosnian War
During the Bosnian War, Bosniak paramilitary forces supported an independent Bosnia and Herzegovina.
- Patriotic League (Bosnian: Patriotska liga), established by the Party of Democratic Action (SDA) in June 1991 in preparations for the coming Bosnian War. Together with Territorial Defence Force of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, it was transformed into the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
- Black Swans (Crni labudovi), active in 1992.
- Green Berets (Zelene beretke), founded in Sarajevo in early 1992, made up of demobilized JNA soldiers and conscripts who were mostly ethnic Bosniaks and Bosnian nationalists. Closely tied with SDA.
- Bosnian mujahideen (el Mudžahid), partially made up of foreign Muslim fighters, financed by Muslim countries and Islamist organizations
See also
References
- ↑ IZ u BiH 2006, p. 1121.
- ↑ Hoare 2014, p. 188.
- ↑ Papadopolos 1974, pp. 53, 57, 58, 60, 125.
- ↑ Hoare 2014, p. 257.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Tepić 1998, p. 356.
- 1 2 3 IZ u BiH 2007, p. 58.
Sources
- Books
- Hoare, Marko Attila (2014). Bosnian Muslims in the Second World War: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-932785-0.
- Papadopolos, Dušan (1974). AVNOJ i narodnooslobodilačka borba u Bosni i Hercegovini: 1942-1943 : materijali sa naučnog skupa održanog u Sarajevu 22. i 23. novembra 1973. godine. Rad.
- Schindler, John R. (2007). Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad. New York City: Zenith Press. ISBN 9780760330036.
- Tepić, Ibrahim (1998). Bosna i Hercegovina od najstarijih vremena do kraja Drugog svjetskog rata. Bosanski kulturni centar. p. 356.
- Journals
- IZ u BiH (2006). Glasnik Rijaseta Islamske zajednice u Bosni i Hercegovini. 68. Islamska zajednica u Bosni i Hercegovini. p. 1121.
- IZ u BiH (2007). Glasnik Rijaseta Islamske zajednice u Bosni i Hercegovini. 69. Islamska zajednica u Bosni i Hercegovini.
Further reading
- Adnan Jahić (1995). Muslimanske formacije tuzlanskog kraja u Drugom svjetskom ratu. Zmaj od Bosne.