Bombing of Stuttgart in World War II
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Bombing of Stuttgart in World War II |
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The bombing of Stuttgart in World War II was a series of 53 air raids that formed part of the strategic air offensive of the Allies against Germany. The first bombing (by 20 aircraft of the Royal Air Force) occurred on August 25, 1940, and resulted in the destruction of 17 buildings. The city was repeatedly attacked over the next four and one-half years by both the RAF and the 8th Air Force as it had a significant industrial infrastructure (including the Daimler and Porsche automotive factories) and several military bases, and was also a center of rail transportation in southwestern Germany. Stuttgart endured 18 large-scale attacks by the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the war (the first and last of which were on 5 March 1942 and 13 February 1945 respectively),[1] during which 21,016 long tons (21,353 t) of bombs were dropped on the city,[2] but the RAF concluded that its attacks against Stuttgart were not as effective as they could have been despite the damage wrought, saying:[3]
Stuttgart's experience was not as severe as other German cities. Its location, spread out in a series of deep valleys, had consistently frustrated the Pathfinders and the shelters dug into the sides of the surrounding hills had saved many lives.
Background
Even before World War II, in 1916, Stuttgart had been a potential target for air raids because of its short distance from the Western Front of the First World War.[4] In the next two years, the city would be attacked by Allied aviators on several occasions throughout 1917 and 1918, the Daimler plant in Stuttgart being of special interest to them.[5][6][7] When the Royal Air Force's Bomber Command began its strategic bombing command during the Second World War, it initially targeted airstrips in Norway and France and U-Boat pens in northern France, but soon added civilian targets, such as Stuttgart, to its target list in March 1940.[8] As early as May of that year, the RAF attempts to bomb targets in Württemberg, of which there were two among the mostly rural region: Stuttgart and Friedrichshafen. Nicknamed the "German Coventry," Stuttgart was an important rail hub and a center of industry, home to the Bosch, Daimler-Benz, and the SKF ball bearings factories. However, actually reaching these targets was difficult because of their great distance from Britain and because of Württemberg's topography of hills and valleys, which befouled the accuracy of British bomb crews. The workaround was to attack in force, starting in 1942-43, but these raids sometimes struck false targets and were costly in life and material.[9]
On 14 February 1942, the Royal Air Force lifted all constraints from Bomber Command, and Stuttgart was on Bomber Command's list of "Alternative Industrial Areas" with Frankfurt, Schweinfurt, and Kiel.[10]
Stuttgart's defenses
Preparations to protect Stuttgart's citizens from British air raids, though they were downplayed, were made in September 1939 with the establishment of twenty first aid stations. The 31 May 1940 issue of the local Nazi Party newspaper NS-Kurier boasted that the Reichsluftschutzbund had taken advantage of Stuttgart's "natural physical conditions," and that no civilian fatalities were expected. In the first air raid on the city of the war on the night of 25 August 1940, four were killed and five injured, but the city weathered its next raids without any fatalities, and the city was deemed safe enough to receive evacuees from cities already ravaged by British bombings such as Hamburg, Essen, and Düsseldorf.[11]
Stuttgart was defended at the outset of the war by a single Group of I./Jagdgeschwader 52 based at Böblingen.[12]
By 1944, Stuttgart was defended by 11 heavy (88 mm) and 38 light (20 mm to 40 mm) anti-aircraft gun batteries.[13] There was also a Luftwaffe fighter base south of the city at Echterdingen. The landmark Observation Tower Burgholzhof was used by anti-aircraft spotters during raids.[14] The Pragstattel Flakturm stands just north of central Stuttgart along a busy highway, decorated with signage,[15] and the bullet-shaped Winkel Towers built around the city also remain.[16]
Raids
On the night of 4–5 March 1942, Stuttgart endured its first large-scale attack, as 121 RAF bombers conducted a strategic bombing of the city to destroy the Bosch factory, which produced components for the Luftwaffe. Extremely dense cloud coverage of the city foiled the raid, and the flotilla's bombs were scattered over the city, though a decoy site at Lauffen am Neckar was hit. Not a single bomb struck the Bosch factory but 13 civilians were killed and 37 more were injured. One Stirling was lost.[17] The next night, another 77 bombers marshaled against Stuttgart but again were troubled by poor visibility, as the city was obscured by haze. The closest bombs came was the Kraherwald to the west of the city, and three Wellingtons and another Stirling were lost.[18] Another raid was launched on the night of 6–7 March containing 97 aircraft, but the crews again couldn't identify Stuttgart and instead attacked the Lauffen decoy, which may have led the flotilla to Heilbronn, 20 miles (32 km) away, where seven civilians were killed and more than 150 buildings were destroyed.[19]
On the night of 22–23 November 1942, 222 bombers made for Stuttgart, but the city was obscured by clouds and the Pathfinders could not identify the city center. The southern districts of the city, namely Rohr, in Vaihingen, Plieningen, and Möhringen were heavily bombed; 88 houses were destroyed and another 334 severely damaged, and 28 people were killed and another 71 injured.[20] In total, thirty tonnes of bombs had been dropped on the city.[21]
Several months later on 11 March 1943, a massive fleet of 314 RAF bombers arrived at Stuttgart. Pathfinder units claimed to have spotted the city, but most of the bombs dropped that night fell in open country and on dummy Pathfinder indicators, the first use thereof by the Germans, but still 112 died and 386 were injured when Vaihingen and Kaltental were hit, resulting in the destruction of 118 houses. Six Halifaxes, three Stirlings, and two Lancasters, 3.5% of the total force, were lost during the operation.[22] The next month, 462 bombers marshaled against Stuttgart and again the Pathfinders claimed to have accurately identified Stuttgart, but the actual bombardment occurred to the northeast of the city. This mission proved a costly failure, as eight Stirlings and Wellingtons, four Halifaxes, and three Lancasters were lost.[23] That October, the RAF changed gears and sent a force of 343 Lancasters for a nighttime attack equipped with the 101st Squadron equipped with the "Airborne Cigar" jamming device and supplemented with several diversionary flights, all together ensuring that only four Luftwaffe night fighters made their way to Stuttgart by the end of the raid. For a loss of only four Lancasters,[24] the raid was a massive success, killing 104 civilians and injuring 300 more. A further 31 deaths and 156 injuries were sustained the next month on 26 November 1943,[25] as a diversionary force of 178 bombers conducted a scattered raid on Stuttgart to draw night fighters away from Berlin for a cost of six Halifaxes lost to the Luftwaffe.[26]
On the morning of 6 September 1943, 388 B-17 Flying Fortresses gathered over southern England and the English Channel, bound for Stuttgart to destroy its industrial sector, where American intelligence in 1943 estimated 90% of Germany's magnetos and fuel injection nozzles were being produced.[27] A fifth of this flotilla aborted because of the weather or mechanical failure, leaving the remainder of the formation to carry on into France,[28] where it began splitting into different diversionary flights to draw away the staffeln from Jagdgeschwader 2, commanded by Oberst Egon Mayer.[29] This was the first daylight attack on Stuttgart, the United States Army Air Force's first attack on Stuttgart, and the eleventh raid on the city.[11]
As the bombers flew over Cambrai, a number of Lufftwaffe fighters attacked the formation and exchanged blows with its escorting P-47 Thunderbolts before ceasing their action at 8:44 AM. At this time, the escorting P-47s signaled that they were running low on fuel and had to return to base, meaning that the bombers would be on their own until they returned to current Allied fighter range.[30] After a short period of calm,[31] Luftwaffe fighter aircraft of every make and unit (even some Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers) descended upon the force,[32] inflicting high casualties for some losses.[33] These attacks abruptly ceased when the bomber flotilla arrived over Stuttgart, where the city's anti-air Flak cannons began to open fire on the bombers.[34] Unfortunately for the Americans, the Stratus clouds covering the city that day were impossible for the men operating their respective Norden bombsights to spot through,[35] forcing the various bomber groups, under the command of Brigadier General Robert F. Travis, to circle over the city three times with their bomb bay doors open, slowly using up fuel and being subjected to the German anti-aircraft guns.[36] Before the fourth run, the 96th and 388th Bomb Groups began leaving to attack the secondary objective of Strasburg, but again failed to spot it and instead deposited their bombs into the Black Forest.[37] Moments later, Luftwaffe fighters returned to engage the bombers,[38] and would continue to harry them until they returned to fighter range. 45 bombers were lost during the mission, and the American doctrine of daylight precision bombing would die after the second raid on Schweinfurt later that year.[39] In Stuttgart, 108 had been killed and 165 injured.[11]
Out of 21 crews from the 388th crew to embark on the mission, dubbed by the unit as "Black Monday," 13 returned.[40]
On 3 November 1943, Arthur Harris listed Stuttgart among 19 cities he claimed had been "seriously damaged" in a report of Bomber Command's activities to Prime Minister Winston Churchill.[41]
1944
The most devastating year of the war for Stuttgart opened with a massive British attack against the city made up of 598 bombers, losing only seven Lancasters and a single Halifax thanks to two diversion flights over the North Sea and to Munich.[42] Over the next two nights, a total of 27 Mosquito night fighters made flights to Stuttgart.[43]
552 aircraft struck the city on 21 February 1944, and this attack was followed by a raid of 557 aircraft on 2 March. Stuttgart was heavily attacked by the RAF raid of March 15, 1944, in which 863 bombers dropped 3,000 tons of bombs.[44] About 100 aircraft bombed the city on July 16, 1944. Subsequently, the Allied air forces struck Stuttgart four times between 25–29 July, dropping some 73,000 bombs on the city. On September 5, 10, and 12, the city was attacked by raids of over 200 aircraft. The September 12 raid resulted in a firestorm that caused extensive damage and 957 deaths. During the night of October 19–20, 1944, the city was bombed by 583 aircraft. This was followed on 5 November by two raids that totaled 165 bombers. The raid of 1944 was with 350 aircraft against eastern Stuttgart on 9 December.
On 25 February 1944, in the final mission of the Big Week, 268 B-17 Flying Fortresses were launched to attack Augsburg and Stuttgart, and 50 bombers of that formation struck Stuttgart.[45]
Legacy
As a result of the bombings from 1940 to 1945, 4562 German citizens were killed and more than 40,000 buildings in the city destroyed,[46] and an estimated 300 aircraft and 2400 Allied personnel lost. The 15,000,000 cubic meters (530,000,000 cu ft) cubic meters of rubble leftover from the war was gathered on the Birkenkopf from 1953 to 1957 to form a Schuttberg.[47]
An estimated 12000 explosive and 1.3 million incendiary bombs remain undetonated in the city limits. On 4 June 2014, a residential area near Degerloch and Sillenbuch, was evacuated so that police could disarm two 250 kg (550 lb) bombs.[46]
Canadanian painter Carl Schaefer, then a member of the Royal Canadian Air Force as a war artist, depicted No. 6 Squadron RAF as it prepared to leave to bomb Stuttgart on 7 October 1943. Schaefer used the date in the watercolor painting Marshalling Lancasters Against Stuttgart, 7 October 1943, though he most likely finished the piece later. This piece would become one of five of his works to be put on public exhibition.[48]
Timeline
All 53 raids on Stuttgart in which the Allied bombers dropped their payloads within city limits:
# | Date and time | Area(s) damaged | Casualties | Force |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 25 August 1940 00:16–01:24 |
Gaisburg, Stuttgart-East; Untertürkheim | Four killed, five injured. | Est. 20 planes |
2 | 8 November 1940 21:16–24:00 |
Stuttgart-Center | None killed, three injured | Est. 20 planes |
3 | 10 February 1941 00:28–01:43 |
Castle Solitude | No casualties | One plane |
4 | 5 May 1942[lower-alpha 1]</ref> 00:33–02:43 |
Zuffenhausen; Bad Cannstatt | 13 killed, 37 injured | 121 planes:[17] 69 Wellingtons, 19 Hampdens, 14 Lancasters, 12 Stirlings, 7 Halifaxes |
5 | 6 May 1942 01:51–01:53 |
Kräherwald | No casualties | 77 planes:[18] 49 Wellingtons, 13 Stirlings, 11 Halifaxes, 4 Lancasters |
6 | 29 August 1942 01:45 |
Dinkelacker brewery, Stuttgart-South | No casualties | One plane |
7 | 22 November 1942 21:30–22:45 |
Rohr, Vaihingen; Möhringen; Plieningen[20] | 28 killed, 71 injured | 222 planes:[20] 97 Lancasters, 59 Wellingtons, 39 Halifaxes, 27 Stirlings. |
8 | 11 March 1943 22:46–23:50 |
Vaihingen; Kaltental, Stuttgart-South | 112 killed, 386 injured[22] | 314 planes:[22] 152 Lancasters, 109 Halifaxes, 53 Stirlings. |
9 | 15 April 1943 00:42–01:52 |
Bad Cannstatt; Münster; Mühlhausen | 619 killed, 705 injured; 400 prisoners of war killed in Gaisburg | 462 planes:[23] 146 Wellingtons, 135 Halifaxes, 98 Lancasters, 83 Stirlings. |
10 | 17 April 1943 01:10 |
Stuttgart-West | One killed, 58 injured | One plane |
11[lower-alpha 2] | 6 September 1943 10:44–11:10 |
Stuttgart-West; Stuttgart-South | 108 killed, 165 injured | Est. 150 planes |
12 | 8 October 1943 00:02–00:53 |
Karlshöhe, Stuttgart-South | 104 killed, 300 injured | 343 planes:[24] All Lancasters |
13 | 26 November 1943 20:25–21:12 |
Bad Cannstatt; Untertürkheim; Daimler plant | 31 killed, 156 injured | 178 planes:[26] 157 Halifaxes, 21 Lancasters. |
14 | 21 February 1944 03:57–05:09 |
Bad Cannstatt; Feuerbach | 160 killed, 977 injured | 598 planes:[42] 460 Lancasters, 126 Halifaxes, 12 Mosquitoes. |
15 | 25 February 1944 14:25–15:00 |
Industrial area; Feuerbach; Bad Cannstatt; | 10 killed, 56 injured | 17 planes:[49] 17 Mosquitoes |
16 | 2 March 1944 02:51–04:01 |
Bad Cannstatt; the New Palace | 125 killed, 510 injured | 557 planes:[50] 415 Lancasters, 129 Halifaxes, 13 Mosquitoes |
17 | 15 March 1944 23:10–00:13 |
Vaihingen, Möhringen | 86 killed, 203 injured | 863 planes:[51] 617 Lancasters, 230 Halifaxes, 16 Mosquitoes |
18 | 28 April 1944 01:50–02:20 |
Stuttgart-Center; Feuerbach; Bad Cannstatt | None killed, 9 injured | 13 planes |
19 | 16 July 1944 10:09–10:25 |
Bad Cannstatt; Winterhalde | 42 killed, 94 injured | Est. 100 planes |
20 | 21 July 1944 11:04–11:12 |
Zuffenhausen | 31 killed, 29 injured | 25 planes |
21 | 25 July 1944 01:35–02:10 |
Stuttgart-Center | No casualties | 614 planes |
22 | 26 July 1944 01:38–02:35 |
Stuttgart-Center | No casualties | 550 planes |
23 | 28 July 1944 01:22–01:50 |
Surrounding area; Stuttgart-North | 898 killed, 1916 injured, 14 missing[46] | 27 planes |
24 | 29 July 1944 01:48–02:30 |
Feuerbach; Botnang; Ostheim and Gablenberg, Stuttgart-East | No casualties | 496 planes |
25 | 5 September 1944 11:15–11:54 |
Untertürkheim; Wangen | 37 killed, 70 injured | Est. 200 planes |
26 | 10 September 1944 11:21–11:40 |
Zuffenhausen; Feuerbach; Stammheim | 28 killed, 113 injured | Est. 200 planes |
27 | 12 September 1944 22:59–23:30 |
Stuttgart-West | 957 killed, 1600 injured | 211 planes |
28 | 3 October 1944 22:01 |
Weilimdorf | No casualties | One plane |
29 | 14 October 1944 04:35–04:56 |
Zuffenhausen | Two killed, 40 injured | Est. three planes |
30 | 19 October 1944 20:25–21:10 |
Bad Cannstatt; Feuerbach; Gaisburg | No casualties | Unknown |
31 | 19 October 1944[lower-alpha 3] 00:55–01:38 |
Bad Cannstatt; Feuerbach; Gaisburg | 338 killed, 872 injured | 583 planes |
32 | 5 November 1944 20:00–20:30 |
Bad Cannstatt; Münster | 24 killed 46 injured | 132 planes |
33 | 5 November 1944 23:32–23:48 |
Bad Cannstatt; Münster | See last entry | See last entry |
34 | 21 November 1944 19:10–19:16 |
Stuttgart-South | One killed, one injured | Est. 25 planes |
35 | 26 November 1944 01:57–02:00 |
Bad Cannstatt | None killed, 10 injured | Two planes |
36 | 4 December 1944 14:48 |
Hofen, Mühlhausen | One killed, two injured | One plane |
37 | 9 December 1944 12:25–13:15 |
Bad Cannstatt | 24 killed, 55 injured | Est. 350 planes |
38 | 11 December 1944 11:51–11:52 |
Untertürkheim | Three killed, 11 injured | Four planes |
39 | 7 January 1945 21:49 |
Feuerbach | No casualties | Unknown |
40 | 20 January 1945 11:50–12:05 |
Bad Cannstatt | One killed, 12 injured | Est. 30 planes |
41 | 21 January 1945 12:58–13:00 |
Münster; Hofen | No casualties | 12 planes |
42 | 28 January 1945 20:35–20:54 |
Feuerbach; Weilimdorf; Botnang | No casualties | 186 planes |
43 | 28 January 1945 23:30–23:48 |
Feuerbach; Weilimdorf; Botnang | 123 killed, 78 injured | 376 planes |
44 | 1 February 1945 19:47 |
Bad Cannstatt | None killed, 13 killed | One plane |
45 | 12 February 1945 19:30–19:46 |
Bad Cannstatt | 68 killed, 139 injured | Est. 30 planes |
46 | 3 March 1945 14:32–14:42 |
Stuttgart-North | One killed, One injured | Est. Eight planes |
47 | 4 March 1945 10:20–10:28 |
Bad Cannstatt; Stuttgart-West | 50 killed, 135 injured | Est. 40 planes |
48 | 9 March 1945 15:02–15:03 |
Bad Cannstatt | None killed, four injured | Est. 150 planes |
49 | 12 March 1945 21:02 |
Feuerbach | Six killed, 11 injured | One plane |
50 | 25 March 1945 07:55 |
Weilimdorf | No casualties | Two planes |
51 | 25 March 1945 13:35–13:37 |
Stammheim; Zuffenhausen | None killed, our injured | Eight planes |
52 | 1 April 1945 07:17–09:45 |
Weilimdorf | Two killed, 16 injured | Eight planes |
53 | 19 April 1945 22:12 |
Stuttgart-North | One killed, seven injured | One plane |
Notes
Footnotes
- ↑ 5 May 1942 was the first large-scale air raid launched against Stuttgart.<ref name='FOOTNOTEBomber Command Campaign Diary, May 19424/5 May 1942'>Bomber Command Campaign Diary, May 1942, 4/5 May 1942.
- ↑ This was the United States Army Air Force's first day-time attack on Stuttgart.[25]
- ↑ 19 October 1944 represents the first double attack on Stuttgart.[25]
Citations
- ↑ Hastings 2013, p. 332.
- ↑ Flightglobal, 9 August 1945.
- ↑ Bomber Command Campaign Diary, January 1945, 28/29 January 1945.
- ↑ The New York Times, 27 September 1916.
- ↑ The New York Times, 1 October 1917.
- ↑ The New York Times, 10 March 1918.
- ↑ The New York Times, 15 September 1918.
- ↑ Bomber Command Diary, January–April 1941.
- ↑ Stephenson 2006, pp. 156-57.
- ↑ Hastings 2013, p. 95.
- 1 2 3 Stephenson 2006, p. 158.
- ↑ Caldwell & Muller 2014, p. 29.
- ↑ Schutzbauten Stuttgart, Flakstellungen.
- ↑ "Der Burgholzhofturn" (in German). City of Stuttgart. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
- ↑ Stuttgarter Nachrichten, 23 January 2018.
- ↑ "Stuttgart Winkel Tower". atlasobscura.com. Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
- 1 2 Bomber Command Campaign Diary, May 1942, 4/5 May 1942.
- 1 2 Bomber Command Campaign Diary, May 1942, 5/6 May 1942.
- ↑ Bomber Command Campaign Diary, May 1942, 6/7 May 1942.
- 1 2 3 Bomber Command Campaign Diary, November 1942, 22/23 November 1942.
- ↑ Flightglobal, 3 December 1942.
- 1 2 3 Bomber Command Campaign Diary, March 1943, 11/12 March 1943.
- 1 2 Bomber Command Campaign Diary, April 1943, 14/15 April 1943.
- 1 2 Bomber Command Campaign Diary, October 1943, 7/8 October 1943.
- 1 2 3 4 Schutzbauten Stuttgart, Luftangriffe.
- 1 2 Bomber Command Campaign Diary, October 1943, 26/27 November 1943.
- ↑ Mraczek 2011, pp. 83-84, 114, 116.
- ↑ Astor 2015, p. 163.
- ↑ Mraczek 2011, pp. 92-98.
- ↑ Mraczek 2011, p. 102.
- ↑ Mraczek 2011, pp. 102-03.
- ↑ Mraczek 2011, p. 103.
- ↑ Mraczek 2011, pp. 103-108.
- ↑ Mraczek 2011, p. 109.
- ↑ Mraczek 2011, pp. 110-111, 115-117.
- ↑ Mraczek 2011, pp. 110-112, 116-120.
- ↑ Mraczek 2011, p. 126.
- ↑ Mraczek 2011, p. 127.
- ↑ Mraczek 2011, p. 240.
- ↑ "Missions". 38bg.info. 388th Bomb Group.
- ↑ Hastings 2013, p. 184.
- 1 2 Bomber Command Campaign Diary, February 1944, 20/21 February 1944.
- ↑ Bomber Command Campaign Diary, February 1944, 21/22 February, 22/23 February 1944.
- ↑ Page on RAF raids.
- ↑ 8th Air Force Historical Society, January 1944–June 1944, Friday, 25 February 1944.
- 1 2 3 Stuttgarter Nachrichten, 25 July 2014.
- ↑ Region Stuttgart, Birkenkopf.
- ↑ Coles 2011, pp. 10, 23.
- ↑ Bomber Command Campaign Diary, February 1944, 21/22 February 1944.
- ↑ Bomber Command Campaign Diary, March 1944, 1/2 March 1944.
- ↑ Bomber Command Campaign Diary, March 1944, 15/16 March 1944.
References
Books
- Astor, Gerald (2015). The Mighty Eighth: The Air War in Europe as Told by the Men Who Fought It. Penguin Publishing. ISBN 9780425281574.
- Bowman, Martin W. (2015). The Night Air War. Pen and Sword. ISBN 9781783831913.
- Caldwell, Don; Muller, Richard (2014). Luftwaffe over Germany: Defense of the Reich. Frontline Books. ISBN 9781473896970.
- Crew, David (2017). Bodies and Ruins: Imagining the Bombing of Germany, 1945 to the Present. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9780472122387.
- Friedrich, Jörg (2008). The Fire: The Bombing of Germany, 1940-1945. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231133814.
- Hammel, Eric (2010). Air War Europa: Chronology. Pacifica Military History. ISBN 9781890988098.
- Hastings, Max (2013). Bomber Command. MBI Publishing. ISBN 9780760345207.
- Kurowski, Franz (2004). Luftwaffe Aces: German Combat Pilots of World War II. Stackpole Books. ISBN 9780811731775.
- Mraczek, Robert J. (2011). To Kingdom Come: An Epic Saga of Survival in the Air War Over Germany. NAL Caliber. ISBN 978-0-451-23227-4.
- Redding, Tony (2015). Bombing Germany: The Final Phase. Pen and Sword. ISBN 9781473823549.
- Stephenson, Jill (2006). Hitler's Home Front: Württemberg under the Nazis. Hambledon Continuum. ISBN 1-85285-442-1.
- Stoltzfus, Nathan; Maier-Katkin, Birgit (2015). Protest in Hitler's "National Community": Popular Unrest and the Nazi Response. Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781782388258.
- 379th Bombardment Group Anthology, Volume 2: November 1942-July 1945. Turner Publishing Company. 2000. ISBN 9781563115790.
Journals
- Coles, Robert C. (28 September 2011). For the Record: Memory and the Second World War Paintings of Carl Schaefer, RCAF (MD thesis). Concordia University. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
Online resources
- "Eighth Air Force Historical Society". 8thafhs.org.
- "WWII 8thAAF COMBAT CHRONOLOGY JANUARY 1944 THROUGH JUNE 1944". Retrieved 10 May 2018.
- "Flightglobal Archive". flightglobal.com. Flightglobal.
- "Stuttgart Raided" (pdf). Retrieved 13 May 2018.
- "Target Analysis - Tonnage of Bombs Dropped and Number of Sea Mines Laid by R.A.F. Bomber Command Monthly, from September , 1939, to May, 1945" (pdf). Retrieved 24 July 2016.
- "Region Stuttgart". City of Stuttgart.
- "Birkenkopf - Monte Scherbelino Stuttgart". Retrieved 10 May 2018.
- "Bomber Command Campaign Diary". Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. Government of the United Kingdom. The National Archives. Archived from the original on 6 July 2007.
- "Bomber Command Campaign Diary, January-April 1941". Retrieved 12 May 2018.
- "Bomber Command Campaign Diary, May 1942". Retrieved 12 May 2018.
- "Bomber Command Campaign Diary, November 1942". Retrieved 12 May 2018.
- "Bomber Command Campaign Diary, March 1943". Retrieved 14 May 2018.
- "Bomber Command Campaign Diary, April 1943". Retrieved 14 May 2018.
- "Bomber Command Campaign Diary, October 1943". Retrieved 14 May 2018.
- "Bomber Command Campaign Diary, February 1944". Retrieved 14 May 2018.
- "Bomber Command Campaign Diary, March 1944". Retrieved 14 May 2018.
- "Bomber Command Campaign Diary, January 1945". Retrieved 10 May 2018.
- Zielfleisch, Rolf. "Schtuzbauten Stuttgart" (in German). Schutzbauten Stuttgart e.V.
- "Flakstellungen". Retrieved 10 May 2018.
- "Luftangriffe auf Stuttgart während des zweiten Weltkrieges" (PDF). Retrieved 10 May 2018.
News
- Stuttgarter Nachrichten
- Obst, Wolf-Dieter (25 July 2014). "Nachts, als das alte Stuttgart unterging" (in German). Retrieved 13 May 2018.
- Plavec, Jan Georg (23 January 2018). "Diesen Bunker kennt jeder – aber nicht von innen" (in German). Retrieved 10 May 2018.
- The New York Times
- "British Renew Cry for Air Reprisals" (pdf). 27 September 1916.
- "Bombard Stuttgart as Reprisal Measure" (pdf). 1 October 1917.
- "British Bomb Daimler Works at Stuttgart" (pdf). 10 March 1918.
- "Rain Bombs on Metz and Nearby Cities" (pdf). 15 September 1918.