Bogdan Musiał

Bogdan Musiał
Cover of Sowjetische Partisanen. Mythos und Wirklichkeit by Bogdan Musiał
Born 1960
Occupation Historian, author
Notable works Sowjetische Partisanen. Mythos und Wirklichkeit (2009)

Bogdan Musiał (born 1960 in Poland) is a Polish-German historian. In 1985 he left Poland and became a political refugee in Germany, where he obtained German citizenship. In 2010 he returned to Poland and became a professor at the Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw.[1]

Musiał specializes in World War II history.[2][3]

Career

Bogdan Musiał was born in 1960 in Wielopole, Dąbrowa County, Poland. He worked in Silesian mines and worked with the Polish Solidarność movement. On account of the latter involvement, he was persecuted by state security and in 1985 sought and received political asylum in the Federal Republic of Germany; in 1992 he was naturalized. He worked as a mechanic, and from 1990 to 1998 studied history, political science and sociology at the Leibniz University of Hannover and the University of Manchester. In 1998 he graduated with a thesis on the treatment of Jews in occupied Poland.

From 1991 to 1998, Musiał received a scholarship from Friedrich Ebert Foundation. During that time he was one of the main critics of the Wehrmachtsausstellung exhibition compiled by the Hamburg Institute for Social Research, which eventually had to be seriously revised before reopening to conform with his findings.[4]

Since 1998 he served as scientific researcher at the German Historical Institute in Warsaw where he has studied previously inaccessible sources about crimes of the Soviet NKVD, during the Soviet retreat in 1941 which escalated violence.[2]

In 2008 he published the book Kampfplatz Deutschland. Since 2010 he lives in Poland and works at the Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw.

Lustration activities

In 2007 Musiał wrote in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung that Zygmunt Bauman was a former agent for Poland's Urzad Bezpieczenstwa (communist secret police) between 1945 and 1953 and had participated in political cleansing of opponents. Bauman responded that he would not dignify Musiał with an answer as "I don't want to give weight or importance to something which is [composed of] half-truths and 100% lies. What is true in his article is not new, because everybody knew I was a communist."[5][6][7] Prior research by Piotr Gontarczyk showed that Bauman had indeed been a political officer and a secret informant of the communist authorities and had received awards from the communist government for fighting Polish democratic and independence movements.[8]

In 2008 Musiał published a controversial article in Rzeczpospolita alleging that the father of Polish historian Włodzimierz Borodziej—who had advocated for new research into the flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II—had been an officer in the Służba Bezpieczeństwa and had arranged for Borodziej's position on the German-Polish Textbook Commission, which per Musiał tarnished Borodziej's credibility as a historian.[9][10][11]

Musiał criticized the Polish Foreign Ministry for recommending the book Inferno of Choices: Poles and the Holocaust, as a advancing a ""pedagogy of shame", that may have an irreparable effect on the Polish image abroad.[12][13][14] He has also criticized the Aftermath film based on the events in the Jedwabne pogrom and its director Władysław Pasikowski, saying that countries outside of Poland would not put up with similar disdain.[15][16]

Views

Musial supports demanding war reparations from Germany for destruction and loss of life Poland endured from Nazi Germany which he views as unpaid (Germany claims the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany waived such claims).[17]

Concerning the international outcry over the 2018 Amendment to Poland's Act on the Institute of National Remembrance, Musiał says that memory of the Holocaust serves Israel as a central motif of national identity—as a foundation myth, a substitute religion that has supplanted Judaism in an increasingly secularized world, and as an element that integrates the Jewish diaspora, particularly in the United States. Musiał states that it is hard to deny that Jews suffered in an exceptional and special way that makes their experience unique, especially in view of what he describes as the "horrific scale" of the Nazi genocide. According to Musiał, the complicity of Poles in the Holocaust has become part of this religion, and therefore Israelis are outraged over the Polish Amendment on a basis of emotion rather than of historical facts. Musiał, as a historian, disagrees with attempts to show Poles as co-responsible for the Holocaust.[18][19][20]

Reviews

Yehuda Bauer reviewed Musiał's Sowjetische Partisanen: Mythos und Wirklichkeit, 1941-1944, calling it “a most important contribution” to the history of the war, the Soviet partisans, and Polish-Jewish partisan relations in Belorussia.[21] Karel Berkhoff stated that the book will likely remain a comprehensive description of partisan warfare in Belarus due to its large source base. Berkhoff highlighted the book's key finding that the Soviet Partisans acted "more or less independently from Moscow", and were never fully controlled by the NKVD. As a result in the zones controlled by the Soviet partisans, they frequently robbed the local peasants, attacked Jews, assaulted women, beat and killed locals and on some occasions destroyed entire villages.[22]

Professor Zdzislaw Winnicki reviewed Musial's book on Soviet partisans, calling it an "impressive and pioneering work", with "incredibly valuable assessments" about the combat effectiveness of Soviet partisan units and their infiltration by the NKVD. Winnicki concludes that Musial's work is a mature, objective study that helps us understand not only past events but also current views and attitudes in Belarus.[23]

Per Anders Rudling, reviewed “Konterrevolutionäre Elemente sind zu erschießen”: Die Brutalisieung des deutsch-sowjetischen Krieges im Sommer 1941. (“Counter-revolutionary Elements are to be Shot”: The Brutalization of the German-Soviet War in the Summer of 1941). He noted that Musiał predicted in his introduction that "German liberal intellectuals are not going to like his book for political reasons" because "the sensitiveness surrounding the subject of the Holocaust and the National Socialist past has often worked as a block to a scholarly approach to the subject". Musiał places responsibility for the outbreak of World War II both on Germany and on the Soviet Union. According to Rudling Musiał makes use of "controversial statistics, aimed at pointing out that Poles were singled out and subjected to uniquely harsh terror under Stalin". Rudling concludes by saying that "By focusing on these tragic events, the book has stirred up a debate.[24] Wolfram Wette wrote that the book is full of contradictions and confuses perpetrators and victims. According to Wette the parts of the books describing the Soviet occupation of Eastern Poland contain interesting information, however Musiał's assertion that "Between 1939 and 1941 ... Soviet terror in eastern Poland was comparable to Nazi terror in German-occupied Poland, if not worse." anticipates his findings that are affected by a "specifically Polish anti-Sovietism" attitude.[25]

Alexander B. Rossino, from the Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, states that Musiał's research is detailed and has resulted in a more nuanced understanding of Jewish involvement with Soviet occupation forces. Rossino underlines that while Musiał has been criticized for claiming that Jews in eastern Poland were over represented in Soviet institutions, examination of witness reports discovered in many cases Jewish militia members directly participated in mass arrests and deportation actions. Rossino writes that other scholars of the final solution in the occupied Soviet Union have corroborated Musiał's findings. He names among them Yitzhak Arad who wrote that Jews played a relatively large role in the Communist Party that was behind actions in occupied Poland.Other scholars include Dov Levin who wrote "the labeling of the Soviet administration as a 'Jewish regime' became widespread when Jewish militiamen helped NKVD agents send local Poles into exile". Rossino names also Jan Gross who according to him wrote in 1983 that "Jewish collaboration" with the Soviet authorities was behind the sudden upsurge of anti-Semitism among the non-Jewish population in eastern Poland.[26]

According to Joanna Michlic, Musiał belongs to an ethno-nationalist school of thought in Poland that also includes Marek Jan Chodakiewicz and Tomasz Strzembosz.[27][28][29] According to Michlic this groups treats the notion of Żydokomuna (Judeo-Communism) not as an antisemitic canard but rather an image rooted in historical reality, in which Jews were pro-Soviet and anti-Polish, basing their claims on primary wartime sources of various origins.[30][29]

Bibliography

  • "Aktion Reinhardt". Der Völkermord an den Juden im Generalgouvernement 1941-1944 (The Origins of “Operation Reinhard”: The Decision-Making Process for the Mass Murder of the Jews in the General Government) Osnabrück 2004
  • Sowjetische Partisanen in Weißrußland. Innenansichten aus dem Gebiet Baranovici 1941-1944. Eine Dokumentation (Soviets partisans in Belarus). Oldenbourg Verlag, München 2004, ISBN 3-486-64588-9.[31]
  • “The Origins of ‘Operation Reinhard’: The Decision-Making Process for the Mass Murder of the Jews in the Generalgouvernment.” Yad Vashem Studies 28 (2000): 113-153.
  • Deutsche Zivilverwaltung und Judenverfolgung im Generalgouvernement. Eine Fallstudie zum Distrikt Lublin 1939-1944. Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 1999, ISBN 3-447-04208-7.
  • Kampfplatz Deutschland, Stalins Kriegspläne gegen den Westen (Battle-ground Germany, Stalin's plans of war against the West). Propyläen, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-549-07335-3.
  • Sowjetische Partisanen 1941–1944: Mythos und Wirklichkeit (Soviet partisans. Myth and Reality), Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh Verlag, 2009; 592 pages. ISBN 978-3-506-76687-8.[32]
  • "Stalins Beutezug. Die Plünderung Deutschlands und der Aufstieg der Sowjetunion zur Weltmacht" (Stalin's plundering raid. The plundering of Germany and the rise of the Soviet Union to a Superpower),Propyläen, Berlin 2010. ISBN 978-3-549-07370-4.

References

  1. ↑ "Polski Przegląd Stosunków Międzynarodowych | Wydział Prawa i Administracji UKSW". wpia.uksw.edu.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2018-05-31.
  2. 1 2 Bogdan Musial, Konterrevolutionäre Elemente sind zu erschießen. Die Brutalisierung des deutsch-sowjetischen Krieges im Sommer 1941, Propyläen Verlag, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-549-07126-4.
  3. ↑ Bogdan Musial (ed), Sowjetische Partisanen in Weißrußland by Marek Jan Chodakiewicz. Archived 2012-07-18 at the Wayback Machine. The Sarmatian Review, April 2006 Issue.
  4. ↑ "Crimes of the German Wehrmacht: Dimensions of a War of Annihilation 1941-1944" (PDF). Press releases, January to November 2000. Hamburg Institute for Social Research: 9–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 24, 2015. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  5. ↑ Professor with a past, Guardian, Aida Edemariam, 2007
  6. ↑ The Sociology of Zygmunt Bauman: Challenges and Critique, Michael Hviid Jacobsen, page 6, 2008
  7. ↑ Zygmunt Bauman: Why Good People Do Bad Things, Shaun Best, page 12, 2013
  8. ↑ Piotr Gontarczyk, "Towarzysz Semjon: Nieznany życiorys Zygmunta Baumana", Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej (Bullentin of the Institute of National Remembrance), no. 6 (65), June 2006, dok. [document] 2.
  9. ↑ Post-Communist Poland – Contested Pasts and Future Identities, Ewa Ochman, page 172
  10. ↑ Innocent Stalin and bad Poles, Rzeczpospolita, May 2008, Bogdan Musiał
  11. ↑ How did the Institute of National Remembrance arrange for prof. Borodziej, Wyborcza, September 2008
  12. ↑ The truth in black and white, Frankfurter Allgemeine, 10 Aug 2012
  13. ↑ The Ministry of Foreign Affairs promotes a book about Polish anti-Semitism, RP, 7 Aug 2012
  14. ↑ Professor Bogdan Musiał: Harmful image of an anti-Semite Pole in the book "Inferno of Choices, wpolityce, 2012
  15. ↑ The legacy of anti-Semites, Spiegel, 16 Jan 2013
  16. ↑ Our interview: "Aftermath" reproduces historical falsity, Niezależna.pl, 14 Nov 2012
  17. ↑ Striving for Historical Justice, 16 Jan 2018, Harvard Political Review
  18. ↑ The Dark Return of Polish Anti-Semitism, Commentary magazine, Ben Cohen, 16 Feb 2018
  19. ↑ The Holocaust as a "substitute religion". Bogdan Musiał in "Sieci": It is not about historical facts, but about faith. So it's hard to be surprised by Israel's reaction, wpolityce, 2018
  20. ↑ "Holocaust a substitute religion for Judaism." Professor Bogdan Musiał about the hysteria of the Israelis, Pch24, 9 Feb 2018
  21. ↑ Reviewed by Yehuda Bauer (2010). "Bogdan Musial. Sowjetische Partisanen 1941-1944: Mythos und Wirklichkeit. Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh Verlag, 2009. 592 S. ISBN 978-3-506-76687-8". Yad Vashem Studies, vol. 38, no. 2.
  22. ↑ Reviewed by Karel Berkhoff (October 2010). "Bogdan Musial. Sowjetische Partisanen 1941-1944: Mythos und Wirklichkeit. Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh Verlag, 2009. 592 S. ISBN 978-3-506-76687-8". Published on H-Soz-u-Kult.
  23. ↑ Zdzisław J. Winnicki, "Sowieccy partyzanci 1941-1944. Mity i rzeczywistość, by Bogdan Musiał, Warszawa, 2014": [review in] Wschodnioznawstwo 8, Instytut Studiów Międzynarodowych Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 363-377, pp. 365, 377.
  24. ↑ Rudling, Per Anders. "Bogdan Musial and the Question of Jewish Responsibility for the Pogroms in Lviv in the Summer of 1941." East European Jewish Affairs 35.1 (2005): 69-89.
  25. ↑ Bogdan Musial: Konterrevolutionäre Elemente sind zu erschießen. Die Brutalisierung des deutsch-sowjetischen Krieges im Sommer 1941 (review), Wolfram Wette Nun tritt er mit einem Buch an die Öffentlichkeit, über das man nur den Kopf schütteln kann. Es steckt voller Widersprüche. Schon der Titel lässt das Verquere der Argumentation ahnen. (Bogdan Musial sees himself today as the hero who has caused the Hamburg Wehrmacht exhibition to be withdrawn for revision. Now he comes to the public with a book about which one can only shake his head. It is full of contradictions. Even the title suggests the oddness of the argumentation.) ... Hier erkennt man unschwer die - von einem spezifisch polnischen Antisowjetismus vorgeprägte - Einstellung des Autors. (Here one can easily recognize the author's attitude, which is predestined by a specifically Polish anti-Sovietism.).... Im letzten problematischen Drittel seines Buches spielt Musial mit der provozierenden These, die Brutalisierung des deutsch-sowjetischen Krieges im Sommer 1941 könne als eine Reaktion auf die konkrete Konfrontation deutscher Soldaten mit den Gefangenenmorden des NKWD erklärt werden. Hier wird eindeutig die Chronologie außer Kraft gesetzt und ein Nebenaspekt zur Hauptsache erklärt. Mehrfach entsteht der Eindruck, dass hier in leichtfertiger Weise Täter und Opfer verwechselt werden. (In the last problematic third of his book Musial plays with the provocative thesis that the brutalization of the German-Soviet war in the summer of 1941 could be explained as a reaction to the concrete confrontation of German soldiers with the prisoner murders of the NKVD. Here, the chronology is clearly overridden and a secondary aspect explained to the main point. Several times the impression arises that perpetrators and victims are easily confused here.)
  26. ↑ Polish "Neighbors" and German Invaders: Contextualizing Anti-Jewish Violence in the Białystok District during the Opening Weeks of Operation Barbarossa, Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry, Volume 16 (2003)
  27. ↑ Bringing the Dark Past to Light: The Reception of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Europe, University of Nebraska Press, edited by John-Paul Himka, Joanna Beata Michlic, page 433
  28. ↑ Shared History, Divided Memory: Jews and Others in Soviet-occupied Poland, Leipziger Universitätsverlag, edited by Elazar Barkan, Elizabeth A. Cole, Kai Struve, page 87
  29. 1 2 Michlic, Joanna B. "The Soviet Occupation of Poland, 1939–41, and the Stereotype of the Anti-Polish and Pro-Soviet Jew." Jewish Social Studies 13.3 (2007): 135-176.
  30. ↑ Shared History, Divided Memory: Jews and Others in Soviet-occupied Poland, Leipziger Universitätsverlag, edited by Elazar Barkan, Elizabeth A. Cole, Kai Struve, page 69
  31. ↑ Marek Jan Chodakiewicz (January 23, 2005). "Review of Bogdan Musial, Sowjetische Partisanen in Weißrußland: Innenansichten aus dem Gebiet Baranoviči, 1941-1944". "The myth exposed." Scholarly book review. Washington, DC: The Institute of World Politics. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  32. ↑ Karel Berkhoff (October 2010). "Review of Musial, Bogdan, Sowjetische Partisanen 1941-1944: Mythos und Wirklichkeit". Scholarly review published by H-Net Reviews. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
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