Blonde versus brunette rivalry

One aspect of how women are portrayed in popular culture is a purported rivalry between blondes and brunettes. The rivalry is a cultural phenomenon found in many countries that have significant populations of both blondes and brunettes. In the United States, evidence of a blonde versus brunette rivalry is common in the popular media and especially in television and film.[1]

Competitive events

Team Blonde during the 2011 Blondes vs. Brunettes Charity Powderpuff Football game

An example of a competitive event are the blonde vs. brunette chess matches that began in 2011 as part of the World Chess Tournament held in Moscow. The match was hosted by the Botvinnik Central Chess Club and featured two teams of young girls, blondes dressed in light colors and brunettes dressed in dark colors. This division is a play on the fact that chess is a game played using light and dark pieces. All of the contestants had to prove a degree of expertise to participate. The 2011 match, which was the first in the series, was won by the brunettes. The 2012 re-match was won by the blondes who defeated the brunettes, 36.5-24.5.[2][3] A third blonde vs. brunette chess match, also held at the Central Chess Club on April 1, 2013, resulted in a tie score.[4]

"It was April 1st and the world’s top chess players were involved in the thrilling finale of the Candidates Tournament in London. But at the same time the Central Chess Club in Moscow was the venue of fierce fighting between Blondes and Brunettes who set out to determine the prevailing color. This was the third match of the ladies. Two years ago Brunettes won, but a year later the Blondes struck back. The third tournament was seen as an opportunity to claim the supremacy of one color over another. The girls were motivated, exchanging punches round after round, but when the dust has cleared the overall score was a 50:50 tie! The claim of supremacy will be postponed until the next meeting."[5]

The existence of the blonde vs. brunette rivalry in American society dates back to at least 1875 when the first female professional baseball players were assigned to teams according to their hair color. Baseball historian John Thorn notes that blonde and brunette baseball teams barnstormed the country in the late 1800s.[6] A 1924 newspaper article referenced a female swimming meet and listed, among the many events, a "blonde vs. brunette" relay race, that was "Won by the blondes."[7] A more contemporary example is the gridiron football game called blondes vs. brunettes powderpuff football, a charity event that raises money for the Alzheimer's Association.[8] The annual contests were started in the fall of 2005, in Washington D.C. The games have received considerable publicity to include feature articles in The Washington Post and are now played in 16 cities around the United States.[9][10]

In some cases, blondes and brunettes on the same team may compete against each other. Anson Dorrance the women’s soccer coach at the University of North Carolina is known for dividing his team into blondes and brunettes and then having them compete against each other. Losers have been forced to stand in front of the goal facing the rear of the net while the winners take penalty shots against their posteriors.[11] Dorrance, in his years of coaching female athletes, claims to have learned that women are motivated differently from males and that his “blondes vs. brunettes drill” worked with his female team because it was a “matter of pride.” [11][12]

In the media and entertainment industry

The most enduring blonde vs. brunette rivalry in American culture may exist in the comic book industry where blonde Betty Cooper and brunette Veronica Lodge have been engaged in a mostly friendly competition for over 70 years.[13] The teenage girls form two-thirds of a blonde vs. brunette love triangle that is completed by their high school classmate and object of their affection, Archie Andrews. As Archie’s next door neighbor in the fictional town of Riverdale, the blonde and blue-eyed Betty Cooper is portrayed in the comic book series as a wholesome, popular, middle class girl.[14] Her high school friend and chief competitor for Archie's affection is the vain, spoiled, upper class brunette Veronica Lodge.[15] Despite their rivalry they remain good friends. Other comics have used a similar construct where two girls compete for the affections of a young man and the blonde girl is the "good girl, while her brunette rival is the bad girl."[16] The comic book industry's blonde vs. brunette rivalry over a male has been replicated in other forms of media, including television.[17]

Betty and Veronica form one of popular media's most famous blonde vs. brunette rivalries and are two parts of a blonde vs. brunette love triangle that is completed by Archie, the object of their affection

In a November 16, 2011 article titled "Blondes vs. Brunettes: TV Shows with Betty and Veronica-Style Love Triangles", media critic Tucker Cummings cited several TV shows that featured a "classic war between blonde and brunette love interests." Typically, she wrote, "... the blonde (is) stable, and typifies the 'girl next door,' while (the) ... brunette, is haughty, and a bit more exotic."[17] Shows cited by Cummings that feature blondes and brunettes competing for a man include: The Office (where lighter haired Pam Beesly competes with brunette Karen Filipelli for the attention of Jim Halpert), Suits (where blonde Jenny Griffith competes with brunette Rachel Zane for the attention of Mike Ross), and Dexter (where blonde Rita Bennent and brunette Lila West compete for the affections of Dexter Morgan, the main character).[17]

Three's Company, an ABC sitcom that ran from 1977-1984 also featured a blonde and brunette triangle. The blonde, Chrissy Snow, was played by Suzanne Somers and the brunette, Janet Wood, was played by Joyce DeWitt. The man in the middle, Jack Tripper, was played by John Ritter.[18] Somers and DeWitt were continually faced with media stories that described both an on and off-screen "rivalry"[19] between the two co-stars. Both women repeatedly denied the stories and attempted to dispel "...the myth that women, especially blondes and brunettes, can’t get along in Hollywood."[19]

A different perspective on the Hollywood blonde vs. brunette rivalry was offered up by the dark-haired Teri Hatcher in a 1994 interview while she was starring in Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, "I love that there are no blondes on our show. You see so many shows with so many blondes, and isn't everyone sick of that?"[20]

At the same time ABC was running the Three's Company sitcom, it was also running Dynasty, a night time soap opera. The show starred John Forsythe as Blake Carrington, an oil tycoon embroiled in a love triangle that featured his blonde wife Krystle Carrington (Linda Evans) and his ex-wife, brunette Alexis Carrington Colby (Joan Collins). During the show's 10-year run the women had a number of fights. The spectacle of two middle aged woman engaged in a catfight during prime time boosted the show's ratings considerably.[21] Feminist author and cultural critic Susan J. Douglas believed that the shows emphasis on the male lead character, highlighted by women fighting over him, confirmed the traditional patriarchal role of men in society. Notwithstanding, Douglas and other feminists were not only huge fans of the show but were captivated by the sight of two women engaged in a catfight. Douglas even suggested that in popular culture, the "purest" form of a catfight was between a blonde and a brunette.[22]

"Dynasty upped the ante ... On one side was the blonde stay at home Krystal Carrington ... in the other corner was the most delicious bitch ever seen on television, the dark haired, scheming, career vixen, Alexis Carrington Colby ... Krystal just wanted to make her husband happy; Alexis wanted to control the world. How could you not love a catfight between these two?"[22]

During Dynasty's run, Collins co-hosted Blondes vs. Brunettes for ABC.[23][24] The show featured a number of skits that gently poked fun at popular culture's blonde vs. brunette rivalry. The final skit featured Collins and co-host Morgan Fairchild in their elderly years offering a toast to each other.[25][26]

Pitting blondes and brunettes against each other, especially as romantic rivals, is a Hollywood technique that extends back to at least the early 1930s. In a 1932 interview with an Australian newspaper, Hollywood director Dorothy Arzner stated that lead women and women in supporting roles must always have different hair color to accentuate the contrasting beauty of each type. Arzner also stated that blondes were usually cast as the fickle types while brunettes are cast as the more serious and emotional types.[27] Using hair color in the casting process, has sometimes resulted in Hollywood altering versions of established characters found in other media forms. As an example, in the 1936 Flash Gordon serial, blonde Jean Rogers was cast as Dale Arden who had been portrayed as a brunette in the Flash Gordon comic strips. However, since the producers had already cast brunette Priscilla Lawson as Dale Arden's nemesis, Princess Aura, the decision was made to cast a blonde in the role of Arden to help the audience differentiate between the two women.[28]

Arraying blondes against brunettes, is not unique to the American film industry. The British film company Hammer Films produced a 1967 movie that took the blonde vs. brunette concept to an extreme. The film Slave Girls (also released under the title Prehistoric Women) starred Martine Beswick in the role of Kari, the queen of a tribe of brunettes who had enslaved a tribe of blondes.[29][30] Their existence was disrupted by the arrival of a male explorer who discovered the two tribes by means of a time portal. Witnessing the brunette’s cruel treatment of the blondes, he rejected Beswick's advances and was subsequently enslaved himself. He soon discovered a group of men who were also held in bondage. He eventually led a rebellion where the blondes overwhelmed the brunettes, Beswick was killed, and the explorer managed to escape back through the portal. The production has been described as one of the most bizarre films ever released.

"An eccentric and unloved Hammer film that uses a blondes vs. brunettes scenario."[31] -- The Hammer Vault

"Idiotic Hammer Film in which the Great White Hunter stumbles into a lost Amazon civilization where blondes have been enslaved by brunettes. Honest! Nevertheless it has developed a cult following due to Beswick’s commanding, sensual performance as the tribe’s leader."[32] -- Leonard Maltin's 2010 Movie Guide

The French reality TV program Les Gladiatrices featured 10 young bikini-clad women wrestling each other in oil,[33] divided into teams of blondes and brunettes.[34]

Although many countries have used the blonde vs. brunette construct in the media and entertainment industries, the French daily newspaper Le Monde believes that the phenomenon is more prevalent in the United States. In a 2012 article, Le Monde argued that American TV has almost, without exception, characterized blonde women as having the positive values of purity, goodness, and sincerity, frequently at the expense of their brunette counterparts.[35] The article provided several examples:

  • Bewitched – Samantha Stevens, a blonde witch who is the perfect hostess and wife. In a comic twist the actress Elisabeth Montgomery who played Samantha also portrayed her dark haired cousin Serena, who embodies mostly negative qualities.[35]
  • Dynasty – Blonde Krystal (portrayed by Linda Evans), pitted against brunette Alexis Carrington (played by Joan Collins).[35]
  • V – In the science fiction show, in both the original series in 1984 and the 2009 remake, featured an intelligent, humanistic blonde battling a brunette who was the leader of the alien cannibals.[35]

The article argues that in recent years, the American TV industry has begun to move away from the positive blonde stereotype and has begun to portray brunettes in a more favorable manner.[35]

Staged Hollywood protest march advertising Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, a 1953 movie

Other movie and TV examples

Other notable movies and TV shows that used an obvious blonde vs. brunette setup or was perceived as using such by the media include:

  • A Thief in Paradise. Directed by George Fitzmaurice the movie includes a polo match between a team of brunettes and another team of blondes, each attired in bathing suits.[36][37]
  • The Bachelor. Season 14 featured Jake Pavelka as the eligible man and was advertised by CBS as ""It's blondes vs. brunettes in the first sexy, barefoot football scrimmage in Bachelor history!"[38] The brief football game followed a dinner held inside a mansion. Dividing the teams up evenly into blondes and brunettes was Pavelka's suggestion to the female contestants. Some critics were dismissive of the season premiere's set-up: "In what sounds like a 1962 frat boy's fantasy, it's soon a barefoot, evening attired brunettes versus blondes football scrimmage."[39]
  • Blonde or Brunette. Adolphe Menjou stars in this 1927 silent film comedy as a businessman who must choose between his blonde wife, played by Greta Nissen and a dark haired rival played by Arlette Marchal. Although there is no physical confrontation between the two women, one movie critic headlined the movie's review by saying "Blonde and Brunette Fight it Out in This Film".[40]
  • Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. Based on the 1925 novel by Anita Loos, the blonde and brunette stars of the film, Jane Russell and Marilyn Monroe, are friends not rivals, yet the film, as the novel did before, comically raised the issue of sexual desirability based on a woman's hair color.[41]
  • Hot Blood. 1956 musical drama starring Jane Russell and Cornel Wilde where Wilde is tricked by his brother into an arranged marriage with tempestuous Annie Caldash, played by Russell. "One of the liveliest scenes in the movie is a hair pulling battle, blonde vs brunette, when Jane encounters a rival for her hubby's affections ... and a free-for-all with blonde Helen Westcott follows.".[42]
"(In) the famous sci-fi epic One Million Years B.C. ... I played Loana, Queen of the Shell People and producer Michel Carreras had his heart set on a blonde... she was the good girl. We know that because she was a blonde. There was also not-so-good girl, the Queen of the Rock People. She had to have black hair. When we had our famous girl fight it would be good against evil ... blonde against brunette." - Raquel Welch[43]
  • One Million Years B.C. While the movie includes a well-known fight scene between blonde Raquel Welch and brunette Martine Beswick, the primary aspect of the "rivalry" was the juxtaposition of an intellectually superior, generous, peaceful, and compassionate tribe of blue-eyed blondes, which Welch was a member of, and a primitive, self-centered, violent, tribe of dark eyed brunettes, of which Beswick was a member.[44][45] The confrontation between the two women occurred soon after Welch joined the brunette tribe as a newly found mate of one of the tribe's male members, arousing the jealousy of Beswick. The well-choreographed fight between the blonde, barefoot Welch, clad in a bikini top and loin cloth bottom, and the barefoot, dark-haired, and similarly attired Beswick, has drawn the continual attention of reviewers and critics since the movie's 1966 release.[46][47]
  • Total Recall. 1990 science fiction movie where Sharon Stone plays the role of Lori, the blonde wife of Doug Quaid, played by Arnold Schwarzenegger and brunette Rachel Ticotin plays the role of Melina, Quaid's dark haired lover on the planet Mars. In the movie's opening scene, Quaid wakes up in bed one morning after having one of his recurring dreams about living on Mars. Lori, who is familiar with his dreams asks him if "the brunette" was there in the dream with him. When Quaid subsequently travels to Mars, he meets Melina, the brunette in his dreams, who he now realizes is an old lover from his previous trip to that planet. Melina greets him by looking at his crotch and says "Whatcha been feeding that thing?" Quaid responds "Blondes", in reference to his wife on Earth, Lori. Melina rubs against him and responds "I think it's still hungry." Later, Lori and Melina engage in a brutal fistfight. Quaid, who was knocked out before the fight, recovers, sees that Lori is about to kill Melina and shoots her dead. Melina regains her consciousness and looking at the dead blonde says "That was your wife? What a bitch."[48][49][48] A 2012 remake of the film featured Kate Beckinsale and Jessica Biel, both brunettes. Among other criticisms of the movie, several critics faulted the movie for casting two dark haired women in the lead roles and ignoring "... the traditional Hollywood polarities of blonde and brunette."[50] "Beckinsale moves like a cat, but she's boring. Biel is similarly underwhelming, and why are they both played by brunettes .... it's hard to tell them apart." [51]

Research and studies

A number of studies have been conducted over the years to measure society’s attitude toward blondes and brunettes. Many of the studies have shown that men, especially those of European descent, find blonde women more attractive than brunettes, redheads, or women of other races who had darker hair, eyes, or complexion.[52][53] Other studies have supported the findings by examining behavior shown in public settings. As an example, a Cornell University study showed that blonde waitresses receive larger tips than brunettes, even when controlling for other variables such as age, breast size, height and weight.[54]

In a 2012 interview with NBC News, Dr. Lisa Walker, Sociology Department Chair at the University of North Carolina said that hair colour "absolutely" plays a role in the way people are treated and claimed that numerous studies had shown that blonde women were paid higher salaries than other women.

"Most people would tell you, if asked, that it doesn't matter what your hair colour is. What style your hair is in. They would say whatever is best for your face," explained Walker. "But from a very young age these stereotypes appear. In cartoons and children's programming, we see the way women are portrayed based on their hair. The associations continue through childhood into adulthood.”[55]

The local NBC news affiliate in Charlotte tested Walker’s theory by asking a natural blonde to walk around the Charlotte business area, drop a scarf and keep going. The volunteer did it 20 times as a blonde and then 20 times wearing a brunette wig. As a blonde, every time she dropped the scarf a bystander picked it up for her, but when wearing a dark haired wig, people simply mentioned that the scarf was dropped or ignored it altogether.[55]

A well publicised 2011 University of Westminster study evaluated how men perceived women who entered a London nightclub as a blonde or a brunette. The study, published in the Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, used the same woman and had her dye her hair a different colour for each visit.[56] After spending some time in the club, she departed and then researchers entered to club and interviewed the men who had engaged her in conversation. The results showed that, as a blonde, she was more likely to be approached for conversation than as a brunette. However, when the researchers interviewed the men who spoke to her, the men rated her more intelligent and attractive as a brunette than as a blonde.[57][58] Many news organizations covered the story as evidence that blondes were not preferred over brunettes.[59][60]

In March 2016 a study by the Ohio State University was published in the Economics Bulletin.[61] According to Jay Zagorsky, author of the study, the results show that: "the average IQ of blondes was actually slightly higher than those with other hair colors, but that finding isn’t statistically significant." He adds:"I don’t think you can say with certainty that blondes are smarter than others, but you can definitely say they are not any dumber." [62]

In Russia, according to a 2011 survey by the Southern Federal University, brunettes are considered more attractive than blondes.[63]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Reinke, Rachel “Catfight: A Feminist Analysis” Chrestomathy: Annual Review of Undergraduate Research, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Languages, Cultures, and World Affairs, College of Charleston, Volume 9 (2010), pages 169, 174-176.
  2. ↑ "Chess Match: Blondes vs. Brunettes in Moscow" (May 23, 2012) Chessmate News Retrieved April 7, 2013
  3. ↑ "Blondes Take Revenge on Brunettes" (May 22, 2012) Susan Polgar Chess Daily News and Information. Retrieved on December 22, 2012
  4. ↑ Kublashvili, Eteri (April 3, 2013) “Blondes and Brunettes tie the match 50:50” ChessDom
  5. ↑ Kosteniuk, Alexandra (April 3, 2013) “Blondes-Brunettes Chess Match Drawn” ChessBlog.com
  6. ↑ Thorn, John (2011) Baseball in the Garden of Eden: The Secret History of the Early Game. New York: Simon and Schuster, page 191
  7. ↑ Greene, Dorothy M. (December 11, 1924) "The Sportswoman" The Washington Post, page S3. Retrieved October 12, 2013
  8. ↑ Blondes vs. Brunettes Powderpuff Fundraiser
  9. ↑ “Athletes First, Stylistas Second” (Nov 19, 2011) The Washington Post page A13
  10. ↑ "Hair’s The Thing: Blondes vs. Brunettes is a Win-Win" The Washington Post. Retrieved March 12, 2012
  11. 1 2 Crothers, Tim (2006) The Man Watching: Anson Dorrance and the University of North Carolina Women’s Soccer Dynasty. New York: St. Martin’s Press, page 221
  12. ↑ Brockway, Kevin (November 19, 2011) “UNC women find offense in NCAA” The Raleigh News and Observer. Retrieved December 30, 2012 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-04-11. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
  13. ↑ Goulart, Ronald (1986) Ron Goulart’s Great History of Comic Books: The Definitive Illustrated History from the 1890s to the 1980s. Chicago: Contemporary Books. Pages 248-249
  14. ↑ "Betty Cooper"
  15. ↑ "Veronica Lodge"
  16. ↑ Duncan, Randy (2009) The Power of Comics: History, Form and Culture. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, page 204.
  17. 1 2 3 Cummings, Tucker (November 16, 2011) "Blondes vs. Brunettes: TV Shows with Betty and Veronica-Style Love Triangles." Yahoo.com Retrieved May 6, 2012.
  18. ↑ "Three's Company Official Website." Retrieved September 25, 2012
  19. 1 2 Mann, Chris (1998) Come and Knock on Our Door: A Hers and Hers and His Guide to Three's Company. New York: St. Martin’s Press, page 108-109.
  20. ↑ Winslow, Harriet (March 13, 1994) "Hatcher likes a blonde-free workplace" Austin-American Statesman, page F33
  21. ↑ Collins, Joan (1999) Second Act: An Autobiography. New York: St. Martin’s Press, pages 192-193
  22. 1 2 Douglas, Susan J. (1994) Where the Girls Are: Growing Up Female With The Mass Media. New York: Random House, pages 241-242
  23. ↑ Terrace, Vincent. Encyclopedia of Television: Series, Pilots and Specials 1974-1984. New York: BASELine Publications, page 50
  24. ↑ "Blondes vs. Brunettes" (1984) Internet Movie Database (IMdB). Retrieved September 23, 2012
  25. ↑ "The TV Column" (May 14, 1984) The Washington Post page C9
  26. ↑ Flander, Judy (May 14, 1984) “Blondes battle brunettes” Lakeland Ledger, page 16. Retrieved October 2, 2013
  27. ↑ "Blondes versus Brunettes" (August 30, 1932) Morning Bulletin (Queensland, Australia) Retrieved December 15, 2012
  28. ↑ Miller, Cynthia J. (2012) "1950's "rocketman" TV series and their fans : cadets, rangers, and junior space men" New York: Palgrave Macmillan
  29. ↑ Prehistoric Women (1967) Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
  30. ↑ "Hammer Glamour - Prehistoric Women"
  31. ↑ Hearn, Marcus (2011) The Hammer Vault. London: Titan Books, page 90.
  32. ↑ Maltin, Leonard (2009) 2010 Movie Guide. New York: Signet Books, page 90.
  33. ↑ Les Gladiatrices: Blondes vs. Brunes (2004) Internet Movie Database. Retrieved April 19, 2013
  34. ↑ "Critique Les gladiatrices" (June 6, 2004) Krinein Magazine. Retrieved April 20, 2013
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 Leblin, Arnaud (December 20, 2012) "Semaine des lecteurs – Blondes vs. Brunes" Le Monde. Retrieved April 27, 2013
  36. ↑ Uncredited staff writer (March 29, 1925) "Blondes Battle Brunettes in Bathing Suits at Polo" The Kingsport Times (Kingsport, Tennessee) Richmond, Indiana), page 11
  37. ↑ Uncredited staff writer (March 15, 1925) "A Thief in Paradise at Richmond Theater Today" The Richmond Item (Richmond, Indiana), page 17
  38. ↑ Doyle, John (December 4, 2009) "Here comes the cheese. No, not the edible kind" The Globe and Mail (Toronto, Ontario), p R-1
  39. ↑ Cutler, Jacqueline (January 4, 2010) "On 'The Bachelor,' love is in the air for this pilot" Newsday (Long Island, New York), page B-7
  40. ↑ Staff writer (Sun, Feb 6, 1927) "Regent Picture Stars Menjou: Blonde and Brunette Fight it Out in This Film", Democrat and Chronicle (Rochester, New York), Retrieved Sep 23, 2017
  41. ↑ "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
  42. ↑ Vincent, Trixie (May 10, 1956) "Hot Blood is a gay, colorful movie" The Orlando Sentinel (Orlando, Florida), page 25
  43. ↑ Welch, Raquel (2010). Raquel: Beyond the Cleavage. New York: Weinstein Books. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-60286-097-1. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
  44. ↑ Cashill, Robert. "Beauties and the Beasts in Blu-Ray: One Million Years B.C. and When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth". Cineaste. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
  45. ↑ "Rich". "Random Movie Club: One Million Years B.C." Retrieved 17 September 2017.
  46. ↑ "One Million Years B.C". Shadow's B-Movie Graveyard.
  47. ↑ Klossner, Michael (2006). Prehistoric Humans in Film and Television: 581 Dramas, Comedies and Documentaries, 1905–2004. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. p. 44. ISBN 978-0786422159.
  48. 1 2 "Total Recall - 1990 Final Script August 22, 1989" Screenplays for You, Retrieved June 16, 2018
  49. ↑ Maslin, Janet (June 1, 1990) "A Schwarzenegger Torn Between Lives on Earth and Mars" The New York Times Retrieved 15 Jun 16
  50. ↑ Corliss, Richard A. (August 2, 2012) “A Total Recall Remake: Why?” Time (magazine)
  51. ↑ Laich, Molly (August 9, 2012) "Total Recall: Do you like 1990 or 2012?" The Missoula Independent Retrieved June 15, 2018
  52. ↑ Simpson, Jeffry A. and Douglas T. Kenrick (1997) Evolutionary Social Psychology. Oxford, U.K.: Taylor and Francis, pages 109-140
  53. ↑ Feinman, S., & Gill, G. W. (1978). “Sex differences in physical attractiveness preferences". Journal of Social Psychology, 105, 43-52.
  54. ↑ Lynn, Michael, Ph.D., (2009) "Determinants and Consequences of Female Attractiveness and Sexiness: Realistic Tests with Restaurant Waitresses". Ithaca, New York: Cornell University, School of Hotel Administration.
  55. 1 2 Gallagher, Dianne (October 30, 2012). “Blonde vs. Brunette: Does it Determine How You Get Treated?” WCNC, NBC Charlotte, retrieved November 17, 2012 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-10-13. Retrieved 2014-11-21.
  56. ↑ Swami, Verin and Seishin Barrett (August 28, 2011) “British men’s hair colour preferences: An assessment of courtship solicitation and stimulus ratings” Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, Volume 52, Issue 6, pages 595-600
  57. ↑ Saad, Gad, Ph.D., (February 28, 2012) “Do Gentlemen Prefer Blondes? Blonde women: Approached more frequently but judged more harshly.” Psychology Today
  58. ↑ Macrae, Fiona (January 2, 2012) “Men find brunettes more attractive and intelligent than blondes” Daily Mail On-Line
  59. ↑ ”Blondes vs. Brunettes: Blondes Lose, Study Says” (January 2, 2012) Fox 4 News, Kansas City, MO. Retrieved December 30, 2012
  60. ↑ Elser, Amanda “The Battle of Blondes vs. Brunettes Ensues” beautyhigh.com
  61. ↑
  62. ↑
  63. ↑ Исследование. Убойная Сила XXI века.” rg.ru
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